jaas/modules/src/main/java/org/apache/karaf/jaas/modules/properties/PropertiesBackingEngine.java [80:166]:
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        try {
            users.save();
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            LOGGER.error("Cannot update users file,", ex);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void deleteUser(String username) {
        // delete all its groups first, for garbage collection of the groups
        for (GroupPrincipal gp : listGroups(username)) {
            deleteGroup(username, gp.getName());
        }

        users.remove(username);

        try {
            users.save();
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            LOGGER.error("Cannot remove users file,", ex);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public List<UserPrincipal> listUsers() {
        List<UserPrincipal> result = new ArrayList<>();

        for (Object user : users.keySet()) {
            String userName = (String) user;
            if (userName.startsWith(GROUP_PREFIX))
                continue;

            UserPrincipal userPrincipal = new UserPrincipal(userName);
            result.add(userPrincipal);
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public UserPrincipal lookupUser(String username) {
        for (UserPrincipal userPrincipal : listUsers()) {
            if (userPrincipal.getName().equals(username)) {
                return userPrincipal;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public List<RolePrincipal> listRoles(Principal principal) {
        String userName = principal.getName();
        if (principal instanceof  GroupPrincipal) {
            userName = GROUP_PREFIX + userName;
        }
        return listRoles(userName);
    }

    private List<RolePrincipal> listRoles(String name) {

        List<RolePrincipal> result = new ArrayList<>();
        String userInfo = users.get(name);
        String[] infos = userInfo.split(",");
        for (int i = 1; i < infos.length; i++) {
            String roleName = infos[i];
            if (roleName.startsWith(GROUP_PREFIX)) {
                for (RolePrincipal rp : listRoles(roleName)) {
                    if (!result.contains(rp)) {
                        result.add(rp);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                RolePrincipal rp = new RolePrincipal(roleName);
                if (!result.contains(rp)) {
                    result.add(rp);
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public void addRole(String username, String role) {
        String userInfos = users.get(username);
        if (userInfos != null) {
            for (RolePrincipal rp : listRoles(username)) {
                if (role.equals(rp.getName())) {
                    return; 
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jaas/modules/src/main/java/org/apache/karaf/jaas/modules/publickey/PublickeyBackingEngine.java [73:159]:
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        try {
            users.save();
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            LOGGER.error("Cannot update users file,", ex);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void deleteUser(String username) {
        // delete all its groups first, for garbage collection of the groups
        for (GroupPrincipal gp : listGroups(username)) {
            deleteGroup(username, gp.getName());
        }

        users.remove(username);

        try {
            users.save();
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            LOGGER.error("Cannot remove users file,", ex);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public List<UserPrincipal> listUsers() {
        List<UserPrincipal> result = new ArrayList<>();

        for (Object user : users.keySet()) {
            String userName = (String) user;
            if (userName.startsWith(GROUP_PREFIX))
                continue;

            UserPrincipal userPrincipal = new UserPrincipal(userName);
            result.add(userPrincipal);
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public UserPrincipal lookupUser(String username) {
        for (UserPrincipal userPrincipal : listUsers()) {
            if (userPrincipal.getName().equals(username)) {
                return userPrincipal;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public List<RolePrincipal> listRoles(Principal principal) {
        String userName = principal.getName();
        if (principal instanceof  GroupPrincipal) {
            userName = GROUP_PREFIX + userName;
        }
        return listRoles(userName);
    }

    private List<RolePrincipal> listRoles(String name) {

        List<RolePrincipal> result = new ArrayList<>();
        String userInfo = users.get(name);
        String[] infos = userInfo.split(",");
        for (int i = 1; i < infos.length; i++) {
            String roleName = infos[i];
            if (roleName.startsWith(GROUP_PREFIX)) {
                for (RolePrincipal rp : listRoles(roleName)) {
                    if (!result.contains(rp)) {
                        result.add(rp);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                RolePrincipal rp = new RolePrincipal(roleName);
                if (!result.contains(rp)) {
                    result.add(rp);
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public void addRole(String username, String role) {
        String userInfos = users.get(username);
        if (userInfos != null) {
            for (RolePrincipal rp : listRoles(username)) {
                if (role.equals(rp.getName())) {
                    return; 
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