kerby-common/kerby-asn1/src/main/java/org/apache/kerby/asn1/type/Asn1String.java [61:289]:
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    public static String fromUTF8ByteArray(byte[] bytes) {
        int i = 0;
        int length = 0;

        while (i < bytes.length) {
            length++;
            if ((bytes[i] & 0xf0) == 0xf0) {
                // surrogate pair
                length++;
                i += 4;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xe0) == 0xe0) {
                i += 3;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xc0) == 0xc0) {
                i += 2;
            } else {
                i += 1;
            }
        }

        char[] cs = new char[length];
        i = 0;
        length = 0;

        while (i < bytes.length) {
            char ch;

            if ((bytes[i] & 0xf0) == 0xf0) {
                int codePoint = ((bytes[i] & 0x03) << 18) | ((bytes[i + 1] & 0x3F) << 12)
                        | ((bytes[i + 2] & 0x3F) << 6) | (bytes[i + 3] & 0x3F);
                int u = codePoint - 0x10000;
                char w1 = (char) (0xD800 | (u >> 10));
                char w2 = (char) (0xDC00 | (u & 0x3FF));
                cs[length++] = w1;
                ch = w2;
                i += 4;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xe0) == 0xe0) {
                ch = (char) (((bytes[i] & 0x0f) << 12)
                        | ((bytes[i + 1] & 0x3f) << 6) | (bytes[i + 2] & 0x3f));
                i += 3;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xd0) == 0xd0) {
                ch = (char) (((bytes[i] & 0x1f) << 6) | (bytes[i + 1] & 0x3f));
                i += 2;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xc0) == 0xc0) {
                ch = (char) (((bytes[i] & 0x1f) << 6) | (bytes[i + 1] & 0x3f));
                i += 2;
            } else {
                ch = (char) (bytes[i] & 0xff);
                i += 1;
            }

            cs[length++] = ch;
        }

        return new String(cs);
    }

    public static byte[] toUTF8ByteArray(String string) {
        return toUTF8ByteArray(string.toCharArray());
    }

    public static byte[] toUTF8ByteArray(char[] string) {
        ByteArrayOutputStream bOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

        try {
            toUTF8ByteArray(string, bOut);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("cannot encode string to byte array!");
        }

        return bOut.toByteArray();
    }

    public static void toUTF8ByteArray(char[] string, OutputStream sOut) throws IOException {
        char[] c = string;
        int i = 0;

        while (i < c.length) {
            char ch = c[i];

            if (ch < 0x0080) {
                sOut.write(ch);
            } else if (ch < 0x0800) {
                sOut.write(0xc0 | (ch >> 6));
                sOut.write(0x80 | (ch & 0x3f));
            } else if (ch >= 0xD800 && ch <= 0xDFFF) {
                // in error - can only happen, if the Java String class has a
                // bug.
                if (i + 1 >= c.length) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("invalid UTF-16 codepoint");
                }
                char w1 = ch;
                ch = c[++i];
                char w2 = ch;
                // in error - can only happen, if the Java String class has a
                // bug.
                if (w1 > 0xDBFF) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("invalid UTF-16 codepoint");
                }
                int codePoint = ((w1 & 0x03FF) << 10) | (w2 & 0x03FF) + 0x10000;
                sOut.write(0xf0 | (codePoint >> 18));
                sOut.write(0x80 | ((codePoint >> 12) & 0x3F));
                sOut.write(0x80 | ((codePoint >> 6) & 0x3F));
                sOut.write(0x80 | (codePoint & 0x3F));
            } else {
                sOut.write(0xe0 | (ch >> 12));
                sOut.write(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3F));
                sOut.write(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F));
            }

            i++;
        }
    }

    /**
     * A locale independent version of toUpperCase.
     *
     * @param string input to be converted
     * @return a US Ascii uppercase version
     */
    public static String toUpperCase(String string) {
        boolean changed = false;
        char[] chars = string.toCharArray();

        for (int i = 0; i != chars.length; i++) {
            char ch = chars[i];
            if ('a' <= ch && 'z' >= ch) {
                changed = true;
                chars[i] = (char) (ch - 'a' + 'A');
            }
        }

        if (changed) {
            return new String(chars);
        }

        return string;
    }

    /**
     * A locale independent version of toLowerCase.
     *
     * @param string input to be converted
     * @return a US ASCII lowercase version
     */
    public static String toLowerCase(String string) {
        boolean changed = false;
        char[] chars = string.toCharArray();

        for (int i = 0; i != chars.length; i++) {
            char ch = chars[i];
            if ('A' <= ch && 'Z' >= ch) {
                changed = true;
                chars[i] = (char) (ch - 'A' + 'a');
            }
        }

        if (changed) {
            return new String(chars);
        }

        return string;
    }

    public static byte[] toByteArray(char[] chars) {
        byte[] bytes = new byte[chars.length];

        for (int i = 0; i != bytes.length; i++) {
            bytes[i] = (byte) chars[i];
        }

        return bytes;
    }

    public static byte[] toByteArray(String string) {
        byte[] bytes = new byte[string.length()];

        for (int i = 0; i != bytes.length; i++) {
            char ch = string.charAt(i);

            bytes[i] = (byte) ch;
        }

        return bytes;
    }

    /**
     * Convert an array of 8 bit characters into a string.
     *
     * @param bytes 8 bit characters.
     * @return resulting String.
     */
    public static String fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) {
        return new String(asCharArray(bytes));
    }

    /**
     * Do a simple conversion of an array of 8 bit characters into a string.
     *
     * @param bytes 8 bit characters.
     * @return resulting String.
     */
    public static char[] asCharArray(byte[] bytes) {
        char[] chars = new char[bytes.length];

        for (int i = 0; i != chars.length; i++) {
            chars[i] = (char) (bytes[i] & 0xff);
        }

        return chars;
    }

    public static String[] split(String input, char delimiter) {
        List<String> v = new ArrayList<>();
        boolean moreTokens = true;
        String subString;

        while (moreTokens) {
            int tokenLocation = input.indexOf(delimiter);
            if (tokenLocation > 0) {
                subString = input.substring(0, tokenLocation);
                v.add(subString);
                input = input.substring(tokenLocation + 1);
            } else {
                moreTokens = false;
                v.add(input);
            }
        }

        return v.toArray(new String[v.size()]);
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kerby-common/kerby-xdr/src/main/java/org/apache/kerby/xdr/type/XdrString.java [110:338]:
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    public static String fromUTF8ByteArray(byte[] bytes) {
        int i = 0;
        int length = 0;

        while (i < bytes.length) {
            length++;
            if ((bytes[i] & 0xf0) == 0xf0) {
                // surrogate pair
                length++;
                i += 4;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xe0) == 0xe0) {
                i += 3;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xc0) == 0xc0) {
                i += 2;
            } else {
                i += 1;
            }
        }

        char[] cs = new char[length];
        i = 0;
        length = 0;

        while (i < bytes.length) {
            char ch;

            if ((bytes[i] & 0xf0) == 0xf0) {
                int codePoint = ((bytes[i] & 0x03) << 18) | ((bytes[i + 1] & 0x3F) << 12)
                        | ((bytes[i + 2] & 0x3F) << 6) | (bytes[i + 3] & 0x3F);
                int u = codePoint - 0x10000;
                char w1 = (char) (0xD800 | (u >> 10));
                char w2 = (char) (0xDC00 | (u & 0x3FF));
                cs[length++] = w1;
                ch = w2;
                i += 4;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xe0) == 0xe0) {
                ch = (char) (((bytes[i] & 0x0f) << 12)
                        | ((bytes[i + 1] & 0x3f) << 6) | (bytes[i + 2] & 0x3f));
                i += 3;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xd0) == 0xd0) {
                ch = (char) (((bytes[i] & 0x1f) << 6) | (bytes[i + 1] & 0x3f));
                i += 2;
            } else if ((bytes[i] & 0xc0) == 0xc0) {
                ch = (char) (((bytes[i] & 0x1f) << 6) | (bytes[i + 1] & 0x3f));
                i += 2;
            } else {
                ch = (char) (bytes[i] & 0xff);
                i += 1;
            }

            cs[length++] = ch;
        }

        return new String(cs);
    }

    public static byte[] toUTF8ByteArray(String string) {
        return toUTF8ByteArray(string.toCharArray());
    }

    public static byte[] toUTF8ByteArray(char[] string) {
        ByteArrayOutputStream bOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

        try {
            toUTF8ByteArray(string, bOut);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("cannot encode string to byte array!");
        }

        return bOut.toByteArray();
    }

    public static void toUTF8ByteArray(char[] string, OutputStream sOut) throws IOException {
        char[] c = string;
        int i = 0;

        while (i < c.length) {
            char ch = c[i];

            if (ch < 0x0080) {
                sOut.write(ch);
            } else if (ch < 0x0800) {
                sOut.write(0xc0 | (ch >> 6));
                sOut.write(0x80 | (ch & 0x3f));
            } else if (ch >= 0xD800 && ch <= 0xDFFF) {
                // in error - can only happen, if the Java String class has a
                // bug.
                if (i + 1 >= c.length) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("invalid UTF-16 codepoint");
                }
                char w1 = ch;
                ch = c[++i];
                char w2 = ch;
                // in error - can only happen, if the Java String class has a
                // bug.
                if (w1 > 0xDBFF) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("invalid UTF-16 codepoint");
                }
                int codePoint = ((w1 & 0x03FF) << 10) | (w2 & 0x03FF) + 0x10000;
                sOut.write(0xf0 | (codePoint >> 18));
                sOut.write(0x80 | ((codePoint >> 12) & 0x3F));
                sOut.write(0x80 | ((codePoint >> 6) & 0x3F));
                sOut.write(0x80 | (codePoint & 0x3F));
            } else {
                sOut.write(0xe0 | (ch >> 12));
                sOut.write(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3F));
                sOut.write(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F));
            }

            i++;
        }
    }

    /**
     * A locale independent version of toUpperCase.
     *
     * @param string input to be converted
     * @return a US Ascii uppercase version
     */
    public static String toUpperCase(String string) {
        boolean changed = false;
        char[] chars = string.toCharArray();

        for (int i = 0; i != chars.length; i++) {
            char ch = chars[i];
            if ('a' <= ch && 'z' >= ch) {
                changed = true;
                chars[i] = (char) (ch - 'a' + 'A');
            }
        }

        if (changed) {
            return new String(chars);
        }

        return string;
    }

    /**
     * A locale independent version of toLowerCase.
     *
     * @param string input to be converted
     * @return a US ASCII lowercase version
     */
    public static String toLowerCase(String string) {
        boolean changed = false;
        char[] chars = string.toCharArray();

        for (int i = 0; i != chars.length; i++) {
            char ch = chars[i];
            if ('A' <= ch && 'Z' >= ch) {
                changed = true;
                chars[i] = (char) (ch - 'A' + 'a');
            }
        }

        if (changed) {
            return new String(chars);
        }

        return string;
    }

    public static byte[] toByteArray(char[] chars) {
        byte[] bytes = new byte[chars.length];

        for (int i = 0; i != bytes.length; i++) {
            bytes[i] = (byte) chars[i];
        }

        return bytes;
    }

    public static byte[] toByteArray(String string) {
        byte[] bytes = new byte[string.length()];

        for (int i = 0; i != bytes.length; i++) {
            char ch = string.charAt(i);

            bytes[i] = (byte) ch;
        }

        return bytes;
    }

    /**
     * Convert an array of 8 bit characters into a string.
     *
     * @param bytes 8 bit characters.
     * @return resulting String.
     */
    public static String fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) {
        return new String(asCharArray(bytes));
    }

    /**
     * Do a simple conversion of an array of 8 bit characters into a string.
     *
     * @param bytes 8 bit characters.
     * @return resulting String.
     */
    public static char[] asCharArray(byte[] bytes) {
        char[] chars = new char[bytes.length];

        for (int i = 0; i != chars.length; i++) {
            chars[i] = (char) (bytes[i] & 0xff);
        }

        return chars;
    }

    public static String[] split(String input, char delimiter) {
        List<String> v = new ArrayList<>();
        boolean moreTokens = true;
        String subString;

        while (moreTokens) {
            int tokenLocation = input.indexOf(delimiter);
            if (tokenLocation > 0) {
                subString = input.substring(0, tokenLocation);
                v.add(subString);
                input = input.substring(tokenLocation + 1);
            } else {
                moreTokens = false;
                v.add(input);
            }
        }

        return v.toArray(new String[v.size()]);
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