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<h2 id="1-1">表1-1术语表</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">缩略语</th>
<th align="left">英文词汇</th>
<th align="left">中文词汇</th>
<th align="left">解释</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">MicroServices</td>
<td align="left">MicroServices</td>
<td align="left">微服务</td>
<td align="left">微服务是一种轻量级SOA架构，通常用来描述广泛用于云应用、互联网应用的一种松耦合分布式架构。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Provider</td>
<td align="left">Provider</td>
<td align="left">服务提供者</td>
<td align="left">在微服务调用关系中处于被调用一方的服务。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Consumer</td>
<td align="left">Consumer</td>
<td align="left">服务消费者</td>
<td align="left">在微服务调用关系中处于调用发起方的服务。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Application</td>
<td align="left">Application</td>
<td align="left">应用</td>
<td align="left">应用代表一个软件应用的逻辑实体，表示一个有业务功能呈现给用户的计算机软件应用。一个以微服务化架构构建的应用通常由多个微服务组成。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Instance</td>
<td align="left">Instance</td>
<td align="left">微服务实例</td>
<td align="left">一个微服务的最小运行和部署单元，通常对应一个应用进程。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">IAM</td>
<td align="left">Identity and Access Management</td>
<td align="left">身份及权限管理</td>
<td align="left">负责PaaS系统中管理层级、用户、角色、授权关系，用户的组织归性等信息的维护。并实施授权和授权检查。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">AK/SK</td>
<td align="left">AK/SK</td>
<td align="left">AK/SK密钥</td>
<td align="left">Access key/Secret key是一组密钥对，用于API的身份认证和访问控制。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Service</td>
<td align="left">Service</td>
<td align="left">服务</td>
<td align="left">服务是对按需取用的功能对象的一种描述。在应用模型中，服务一般面向应用，应用使用服务需要先订购服务，再绑定服务并使用，某些商业场景下可能还需要按使用量付费。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Load Balance</td>
<td align="left">Load Balance</td>
<td align="left">负载均衡</td>
<td align="left">当应用访问一个具有多个实例的微服务时，会涉及到路由负载均衡。可以通过配置文件配置负载均衡策略，支持随机，轮询、会话保持和基于响应时间的权值等多种负载均衡路由策略。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Rate limit</td>
<td align="left">Rate limit</td>
<td align="left">限流</td>
<td align="left">当资源成为瓶颈时，服务框架需要对消费者的访问请求做限流，启动流控保护机制。在服务消费者端和提供者端均可进行流量控制。在服务消费端，可以限制发往某个微服务提供者的请求频率；在服务提供端，可以限制每个微服务消费端发过来的请求频率，也可以根据服务提供端资源消耗情况确定总的请求频率限制，防止服务因资源耗尽而崩溃。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Service Degrade</td>
<td align="left">Service Degrade</td>
<td align="left">降级</td>
<td align="left">服务降级主要包括屏蔽降级和容错降级两种策略：屏蔽降级是指当外界的触发条件达到某个临界值时，由运维人员/开发人员决策，对某类或者某个服务进行强制降级。容错降级是指当非核心服务不可用时，可以对故障服务做业务逻辑放通，以保障核心服务的运行。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Fault tolarance</td>
<td align="left">Fault tolarance</td>
<td align="left">容错</td>
<td align="left">容错是消费者访问服务时出现异常的场景下的一种处理策略，出现异常后由服务框架自动选择新的服务路由进行调用。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Circuit Breaker</td>
<td align="left">Circuit Breaker</td>
<td align="left">熔断</td>
<td align="left">微服务之间通常存在依赖关系，服务调用链路可能包含多个微服务，如果链路中一个或多个服务访问延迟过高，会导致入口服务的请求不断堆积，持续消耗更多的线程、io资源，最终由于资源累积使系统出现瓶颈，造成更多服务不可用，产生雪崩效应。熔断机制就是针对上述场景设计的，当某个目标服务响应缓慢或者有大量超时情况发生时，熔断该服务的调用，对于后续调用请求，不再继续调用目标服务，直接返回，快速释放资源，等到该目标服务情况好转再恢复调用。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Isolation</td>
<td align="left">Isolation</td>
<td align="left">隔离</td>
<td align="left">服务隔离是一种异常检测机制，常用的检测方法是请求超时、流量过大等。一般的设置参数包括超时时间、最大并发请求数等，当超过超时时间或最大并发请求数时，记录一次异常，并用于在熔断机制中计算错误率和错误请求数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Service Mesh</td>
<td align="left">Service Mesh</td>
<td align="left">服务网格</td>
<td align="left">一种基础设施层服务。在微服务化的过程中，开发者需要解决应用运行在分布式网络中所引入的问题，例如容错，限流，负载均衡，注册发现，可监控等，Service Mesh作为L4/L7协议代理，为应用解决了微服务化后带来的问题。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">legacy</td>
<td align="left">legacy</td>
<td align="left">遗留系统</td>
<td align="left">遗留系统是一个还在运行和使用，但已步入软件生命周期衰老期的软件系统。</td>
</tr>
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