agent/engine/docker_task_engine.go

// Copyright Amazon.com Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"). You may
// not use this file except in compliance with the License. A copy of the
// License is located at
//
//	http://aws.amazon.com/apache2.0/
//
// or in the "license" file accompanying this file. This file is distributed
// on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either
// express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing
// permissions and limitations under the License.

// Package engine contains the core logic for managing tasks
package engine

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"regexp"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/api"
	apicontainer "github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/api/container"
	apierrormsgs "github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/api/errormessages"
	apitask "github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/api/task"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/config"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/containermetadata"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/data"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/dockerclient"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/dockerclient/dockerapi"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/ecscni"
	dm "github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/engine/daemonmanager"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/engine/dependencygraph"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/engine/dockerstate"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/engine/execcmd"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/engine/serviceconnect"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/statechange"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/taskresource"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/taskresource/credentialspec"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/taskresource/firelens"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/utils"
	referenceutil "github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/agent/utils/reference"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/api/appnet"
	apicontainerstatus "github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/api/container/status"
	apierrors "github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/api/errors"
	apitaskstatus "github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/api/task/status"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/credentials"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/eventstream"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/logger"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/logger/field"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/utils/retry"
	"github.com/aws/amazon-ecs-agent/ecs-agent/utils/ttime"
	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/cloudwatchlogs"
	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws"
	ep "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/endpoints"
	"github.com/aws/smithy-go/ptr"
	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
	dockercontainer "github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/registry"
	"github.com/pkg/errors"
)

const (
	//DockerEndpointEnvVariable is the environment variable that can override the Docker endpoint
	DockerEndpointEnvVariable = "DOCKER_HOST"
	// DockerDefaultEndpoint is the default value for the Docker endpoint
	DockerDefaultEndpoint              = "unix:///var/run/docker.sock"
	labelPrefix                        = "com.amazonaws.ecs."
	labelTaskARN                       = labelPrefix + "task-arn"
	labelContainerName                 = labelPrefix + "container-name"
	labelTaskDefinitionFamily          = labelPrefix + "task-definition-family"
	labelTaskDefinitionVersion         = labelPrefix + "task-definition-version"
	labelCluster                       = labelPrefix + "cluster"
	minGetIPBridgeTimeout              = time.Second
	maxGetIPBridgeTimeout              = 10 * time.Second
	getIPBridgeRetryJitterMultiplier   = 0.2
	getIPBridgeRetryDelayMultiplier    = 2
	ipamCleanupTmeout                  = 5 * time.Second
	minEngineConnectRetryDelay         = 2 * time.Second
	maxEngineConnectRetryDelay         = 200 * time.Second
	tagImageTimeout                    = 30 * time.Second
	engineConnectRetryJitterMultiplier = 0.20
	engineConnectRetryDelayMultiplier  = 1.5
	// logDriverTypeFirelens is the log driver type for containers that want to use the firelens container to send logs.
	logDriverTypeFirelens = "awsfirelens"
	logDriverTypeFluentd  = "fluentd"
	logDriverTypeAwslogs  = "awslogs"
	awsLogsEndpointKey    = "awslogs-endpoint"
	awsLogsRegionKey      = "awslogs-region"
	logDriverTag          = "tag"
	logDriverMode         = "mode"
	logDriverBufferSize   = "max-buffer-size"
	// maxBufferSizeDefault is the default value for max-buffer-size if it's unset in the task payload
	maxBufferSizeDefault        = "10m"
	logDriverFluentdAddress     = "fluentd-address"
	dataLogDriverPath           = "/data/firelens/"
	logDriverAsyncConnect       = "fluentd-async-connect"
	logDriverAsync              = "fluentd-async"
	logDriverSubSecondPrecision = "fluentd-sub-second-precision"
	logDriverBufferLimit        = "fluentd-buffer-limit"
	dataLogDriverSocketPath     = "/socket/fluent.sock"
	socketPathPrefix            = "unix://"

	// fluentTagDockerFormat is the format for the log tag, which is "containerName-firelens-taskID"
	fluentTagDockerFormat = "%s-firelens-%s"

	// Environment variables are needed for firelens
	fluentNetworkHost      = "FLUENT_HOST"
	fluentNetworkPort      = "FLUENT_PORT"
	FluentNetworkPortValue = "24224"
	FluentAWSVPCHostValue  = "127.0.0.1"

	defaultMonitorExecAgentsInterval = 15 * time.Minute

	defaultStopContainerBackoffMin = time.Second
	defaultStopContainerBackoffMax = time.Second * 5
	stopContainerBackoffJitter     = 0.2
	stopContainerBackoffMultiplier = 1.3
	stopContainerMaxRetryCount     = 5

	// mediaTypeManifestV1 specifies the media type for v1 manifest
	mediaTypeManifestV1 = "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v1+json"
	// mediaTypeSignedManifestV1 specifies the media type for signed v1 manifest
	mediaTypeSignedManifestV1 = "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v1+prettyjws"
)

var (
	newExponentialBackoff = retry.NewExponentialBackoff

	// List of isolated regions where AWS SDK Go V1 cannot resolve the endpoints for.
	// This is a short term solution only for specific regions and ideally we should not be keeping a list of hardcoded regions.
	unresolvedIsolatedRegions = map[string]bool{
		"us-isob-east-1":  true,
		"us-iso-east-1":   true,
		"us-iso-west-1":   true,
		"eu-isoe-west-1":  true,
		"us-isof-south-1": true,
		"us-isof-east-1":  true,
		"us-isob-west-1":  true,
	}
)

// DockerTaskEngine is a state machine for managing a task and its containers
// in ECS.
//
// DockerTaskEngine implements an abstraction over the DockerGoClient so that
// it does not have to know about tasks, only containers
// The DockerTaskEngine interacts with Docker to implement a TaskEngine
type DockerTaskEngine struct {
	// implements TaskEngine

	cfg *config.Config

	ctx          context.Context
	initialized  bool
	mustInitLock sync.Mutex

	// state stores all tasks this task engine is aware of, including their
	// current state and mappings to/from dockerId and name.
	// This is used to checkpoint state to disk so tasks may survive agent
	// failures or updates
	state        dockerstate.TaskEngineState
	managedTasks map[string]*managedTask

	// waitingTasksQueue is a FIFO queue of tasks waiting to acquire host resources
	waitingTaskQueue []*managedTask

	events                 <-chan dockerapi.DockerContainerChangeEvent
	monitorQueuedTaskEvent chan struct{}
	stateChangeEvents      chan statechange.Event

	client       dockerapi.DockerClient
	dataClient   data.Client
	cniClient    ecscni.CNIClient
	appnetClient appnet.AppNetClient

	containerChangeEventStream *eventstream.EventStream

	stopEngine context.CancelFunc

	// tasksLock is a mutex that the task engine must acquire before changing
	// any task's state which it manages. Since this is a lock that encompasses
	// all tasks, it must not acquire it for any significant duration
	// The write mutex should be taken when adding and removing tasks from managedTasks.
	tasksLock sync.RWMutex
	// waitingTasksLock is a mutex for operations on waitingTasksQueue
	waitingTasksLock sync.RWMutex

	// monitorQueuedTasksLock is a mutex for operations in the monitorQueuedTasks which
	// allocate host resources and wakes up waiting host resources. This should be used
	// for synchronizing task desired status updates and queue operations
	monitorQueuedTasksLock sync.RWMutex

	credentialsManager                  credentials.Manager
	_time                               ttime.Time
	_timeOnce                           sync.Once
	imageManager                        ImageManager
	containerStatusToTransitionFunction map[apicontainerstatus.ContainerStatus]transitionApplyFunc
	metadataManager                     containermetadata.Manager
	serviceconnectManager               serviceconnect.Manager

	// daemonManagers map is threadsafe for reads as it's written only once at startup
	daemonManagers      map[string]dm.DaemonManager
	hostResourceManager *HostResourceManager
	serviceconnectRelay *apitask.Task

	daemonTasksLock sync.RWMutex
	daemonTasks     map[string]*apitask.Task

	// taskSteadyStatePollInterval is the duration that a managed task waits
	// once the task gets into steady state before polling the state of all of
	// the task's containers to re-evaluate if the task is still in steady state
	// This is set to defaultTaskSteadyStatePollInterval in production code.
	// This can be used by tests that are looking to ensure that the steady state
	// verification logic gets executed to set it to a low interval
	taskSteadyStatePollInterval       time.Duration
	taskSteadyStatePollIntervalJitter time.Duration

	resourceFields *taskresource.ResourceFields

	// handleDelay is a function used to delay cleanup. Implementation is
	// swappable for testing
	handleDelay               func(duration time.Duration)
	monitorExecAgentsTicker   *time.Ticker
	execCmdMgr                execcmd.Manager
	monitorExecAgentsInterval time.Duration
	stopContainerBackoffMin   time.Duration
	stopContainerBackoffMax   time.Duration
	namespaceHelper           ecscni.NamespaceHelper
}

// NewDockerTaskEngine returns a created, but uninitialized, DockerTaskEngine.
// The distinction between created and initialized is that when created it may
// be serialized/deserialized, but it will not communicate with docker until it
// is also initialized.
func NewDockerTaskEngine(cfg *config.Config,
	client dockerapi.DockerClient,
	credentialsManager credentials.Manager,
	containerChangeEventStream *eventstream.EventStream,
	imageManager ImageManager,
	hostResourceManager *HostResourceManager,
	state dockerstate.TaskEngineState,
	metadataManager containermetadata.Manager,
	resourceFields *taskresource.ResourceFields,
	execCmdMgr execcmd.Manager,
	serviceConnectManager serviceconnect.Manager,
	daemonManagers map[string]dm.DaemonManager) *DockerTaskEngine {
	dockerTaskEngine := &DockerTaskEngine{
		cfg:        cfg,
		client:     client,
		dataClient: data.NewNoopClient(),

		state:                  state,
		managedTasks:           make(map[string]*managedTask),
		stateChangeEvents:      make(chan statechange.Event),
		monitorQueuedTaskEvent: make(chan struct{}, 1),

		credentialsManager: credentialsManager,

		containerChangeEventStream: containerChangeEventStream,
		imageManager:               imageManager,
		hostResourceManager:        hostResourceManager,
		cniClient:                  ecscni.NewClient(cfg.CNIPluginsPath),
		appnetClient:               appnet.CreateClient(),

		metadataManager:                   metadataManager,
		serviceconnectManager:             serviceConnectManager,
		daemonManagers:                    daemonManagers,
		taskSteadyStatePollInterval:       defaultTaskSteadyStatePollInterval,
		taskSteadyStatePollIntervalJitter: defaultTaskSteadyStatePollIntervalJitter,
		resourceFields:                    resourceFields,
		handleDelay:                       time.Sleep,
		execCmdMgr:                        execCmdMgr,
		monitorExecAgentsInterval:         defaultMonitorExecAgentsInterval,
		stopContainerBackoffMin:           defaultStopContainerBackoffMin,
		stopContainerBackoffMax:           defaultStopContainerBackoffMax,
		namespaceHelper:                   ecscni.NewNamespaceHelper(client),
		daemonTasks:                       make(map[string]*apitask.Task),
	}

	dockerTaskEngine.initializeContainerStatusToTransitionFunction()

	return dockerTaskEngine
}

// Reconcile state of host resource manager with task status in managedTasks Slice
// Done on agent restarts
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) reconcileHostResources() {
	logger.Info("Reconciling host resources")
	for _, task := range engine.state.AllTasks() {
		taskStatus := task.GetKnownStatus()
		resources := task.ToHostResources()

		// Release stopped tasks host resources
		// Call to release here for stopped tasks should always succeed
		// Idempotent release call
		if taskStatus.Terminal() {
			err := engine.hostResourceManager.release(task.Arn, resources)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Critical("Failed to release resources during reconciliation", logger.Fields{field.TaskARN: task.Arn})
			}
			continue
		}

		// Consume host resources if task has progressed (check if any container has progressed)
		// Call to consume here should always succeed
		// Idempotent consume call
		if !task.IsInternal && task.HasActiveContainers() {
			consumed, err := engine.hostResourceManager.consume(task.Arn, resources)
			if err != nil || !consumed {
				logger.Critical("Failed to consume resources for created/running tasks during reconciliation", logger.Fields{field.TaskARN: task.Arn})
			}
		}
	}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) initializeContainerStatusToTransitionFunction() {
	containerStatusToTransitionFunction := map[apicontainerstatus.ContainerStatus]transitionApplyFunc{
		apicontainerstatus.ContainerManifestPulled:       engine.pullContainerManifest,
		apicontainerstatus.ContainerPulled:               engine.pullContainer,
		apicontainerstatus.ContainerCreated:              engine.createContainer,
		apicontainerstatus.ContainerRunning:              engine.startContainer,
		apicontainerstatus.ContainerResourcesProvisioned: engine.provisionContainerResources,
		apicontainerstatus.ContainerStopped:              engine.stopContainer,
	}
	engine.containerStatusToTransitionFunction = containerStatusToTransitionFunction
}

// ImagePullDeleteLock ensures that pulls and deletes do not run at the same time and pulls can be run at the same time for docker >= 1.11.1
// Pulls are serialized as a temporary workaround for a devicemapper issue. (see https://github.com/docker/docker/issues/9718)
// Deletes must not run at the same time as pulls to prevent deletion of images that are being used to launch new tasks.
var ImagePullDeleteLock sync.RWMutex

// UnmarshalJSON restores a previously marshaled task-engine state from json
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
	return engine.state.UnmarshalJSON(data)
}

// MarshalJSON marshals into state directly
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	return engine.state.MarshalJSON()
}

// Init initializes a DockerTaskEngine such that it may communicate with docker
// and operate normally.
// This function must be called before any other function, except serializing and deserializing, can succeed without error.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) Init(ctx context.Context) error {
	derivedCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
	engine.stopEngine = cancel
	engine.ctx = derivedCtx

	// Open the event stream before we sync state so that e.g. if a container
	// goes from running to stopped after we sync with it as "running" we still
	// have the "went to stopped" event pending so we can be up to date.
	err := engine.openEventstream(derivedCtx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	engine.synchronizeState()
	go engine.monitorQueuedTasks(derivedCtx)
	// Now catch up and start processing new events per normal
	go engine.handleDockerEvents(derivedCtx)
	engine.initialized = true
	go engine.startPeriodicExecAgentsMonitoring(derivedCtx)
	go engine.watchAppNetImage(derivedCtx)
	return nil
}

// Method to wake up 'monitorQueuedTasks' goroutine, called when
// - a new task enqueues in waitingTaskQueue
// - a task stops (overseeTask)
// as these are the events when resources change/can change on the host
// Always wakes up when at least one event arrives on buffered channel (size 1) 'monitorQueuedTaskEvent'
// but does not block if monitorQueuedTasks is already processing queued tasks
// Buffered channel of size 1 is sufficient because we only want to go through the queue
// once at any point and schedule as many tasks as possible (as many resources are available)
// Calls on 'wakeUpTaskQueueMonitor' when 'monitorQueuedTasks' is doing work are redundant
// as new tasks are enqueued at the end and will be taken into account in the continued loop
// if permitted by design
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) wakeUpTaskQueueMonitor() {
	select {
	case engine.monitorQueuedTaskEvent <- struct{}{}:
	default:
		// do nothing
	}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) topTask() (*managedTask, error) {
	engine.waitingTasksLock.Lock()
	defer engine.waitingTasksLock.Unlock()
	if len(engine.waitingTaskQueue) > 0 {
		return engine.waitingTaskQueue[0], nil
	}
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no tasks in waiting queue")
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) enqueueTask(task *managedTask) {
	engine.waitingTasksLock.Lock()
	engine.waitingTaskQueue = append(engine.waitingTaskQueue, task)
	engine.waitingTasksLock.Unlock()
	logger.Debug("Enqueued task in Waiting Task Queue", logger.Fields{field.TaskARN: task.Arn})
	engine.wakeUpTaskQueueMonitor()
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) dequeueTask() (*managedTask, error) {
	engine.waitingTasksLock.Lock()
	defer engine.waitingTasksLock.Unlock()
	if len(engine.waitingTaskQueue) > 0 {
		task := engine.waitingTaskQueue[0]
		engine.waitingTaskQueue = engine.waitingTaskQueue[1:]
		logger.Debug("Dequeued task from Waiting Task Queue", logger.Fields{field.TaskARN: task.Arn})
		return task, nil
	}

	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no tasks in waiting queue")
}

// monitorQueuedTasks starts as many tasks as possible based on FIFO order of waitingTaskQueue
// and availability of host resources. When no more tasks can be started, it will wait on
// monitorQueuedTaskEvent channel. This channel receives (best effort) messages when
// - a task stops
// - a new task is queued up
// It does not need to receive all messages, as if the routine is going through the queue, it
// may schedule more than one task for a single 'event' received
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) monitorQueuedTasks(ctx context.Context) {
	logger.Info("Monitoring Task Queue started")
	for {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return
		case <-engine.monitorQueuedTaskEvent:
			// Dequeue as many tasks as possible and start wake up their goroutines
			for {
				task, err := engine.topTask()
				if err != nil {
					break
				}
				dequeuedTask := engine.tryDequeueWaitingTasks(task)
				if !dequeuedTask {
					break
				}
			}
			logger.Debug("No more tasks could be started at this moment, waiting")
		}
	}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) tryDequeueWaitingTasks(task *managedTask) bool {
	// Isolate monitorQueuedTasks processing from changes of desired status updates to prevent
	// unexpected updates to host resource manager when tasks are being processed by monitorQueuedTasks
	// For example when ACS StopTask event updates arrives and simultaneously monitorQueuedTasks
	// could be processing
	engine.monitorQueuedTasksLock.Lock()
	defer engine.monitorQueuedTasksLock.Unlock()
	taskDesiredStatus := task.GetDesiredStatus()
	if taskDesiredStatus.Terminal() {
		logger.Info("Task desired status changed to STOPPED while waiting for host resources, progressing without consuming resources", logger.Fields{field.TaskARN: task.Arn})
		engine.returnWaitingTask()
		return true
	}
	taskHostResources := task.ToHostResources()
	consumed, err := task.engine.hostResourceManager.consume(task.Arn, taskHostResources)
	if err != nil {
		engine.failWaitingTask(err)
		return true
	}
	if consumed {
		engine.startWaitingTask()
		return true
	}
	return false
	// not consumed, go to wait
}

// To be called when resources are not to be consumed by host resource manager, just dequeues and returns
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) returnWaitingTask() {
	task, _ := engine.dequeueTask()
	task.consumedHostResourceEvent <- struct{}{}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) failWaitingTask(err error) {
	task, _ := engine.dequeueTask()
	logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Error consuming resources due to invalid task config : %s", err.Error()), logger.Fields{field.TaskARN: task.Arn})
	task.SetDesiredStatus(apitaskstatus.TaskStopped)
	task.consumedHostResourceEvent <- struct{}{}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) startWaitingTask() {
	task, _ := engine.dequeueTask()
	logger.Info("Host resources consumed, progressing task", logger.Fields{field.TaskARN: task.Arn})
	task.consumedHostResourceEvent <- struct{}{}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) startPeriodicExecAgentsMonitoring(ctx context.Context) {
	engine.monitorExecAgentsTicker = time.NewTicker(engine.monitorExecAgentsInterval)
	for {
		select {
		case <-engine.monitorExecAgentsTicker.C:
			go engine.monitorExecAgentProcesses(ctx)
		case <-ctx.Done():
			engine.monitorExecAgentsTicker.Stop()
			return
		}
	}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) monitorExecAgentProcesses(ctx context.Context) {
	// TODO: [ecs-exec]add jitter between containers to not overload docker with top calls
	engine.tasksLock.RLock()
	defer engine.tasksLock.RUnlock()
	for _, mTask := range engine.managedTasks {
		task := mTask.Task

		if task.GetKnownStatus() != apitaskstatus.TaskRunning {
			continue
		}
		for _, c := range task.Containers {
			if execcmd.IsExecEnabledContainer(c) {
				if ma, _ := c.GetManagedAgentByName(execcmd.ExecuteCommandAgentName); !ma.InitFailed {
					go engine.monitorExecAgentRunning(ctx, mTask, c)
				}
			}
		}
	}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) monitorExecAgentRunning(ctx context.Context,
	mTask *managedTask, c *apicontainer.Container) {
	if !c.IsRunning() {
		return
	}
	task := mTask.Task
	dockerID, err := engine.getDockerID(task, c)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Could not retrieve docker id for container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: c.Name,
		})
		return
	}
	// Sleeping here so that all the containers do not call inspect/start exec agent process
	// at the same time.
	// The max sleep is 50% of the monitor interval to allow enough buffer time
	// to finish monitoring.
	// This is inspired from containers streaming stats from Docker.
	time.Sleep(retry.AddJitter(time.Nanosecond, engine.monitorExecAgentsInterval/2))
	status, err := engine.execCmdMgr.RestartAgentIfStopped(ctx, engine.client, task, c, dockerID)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Failed to restart ExecCommandAgent Process for container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: c.Name,
			field.DockerId:  dockerID,
			field.Error:     err,
		})
		mTask.emitManagedAgentEvent(mTask.Task, c, execcmd.ExecuteCommandAgentName, "ExecuteCommandAgent cannot be restarted")
	}
	if status == execcmd.Restarted {
		mTask.emitManagedAgentEvent(mTask.Task, c, execcmd.ExecuteCommandAgentName, "ExecuteCommandAgent restarted")
	}

}

// MustInit blocks and retries until an engine can be initialized.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) MustInit(ctx context.Context) {
	if engine.initialized {
		return
	}
	engine.mustInitLock.Lock()
	defer engine.mustInitLock.Unlock()

	errorOnce := sync.Once{}
	taskEngineConnectBackoff := retry.NewExponentialBackoff(minEngineConnectRetryDelay, maxEngineConnectRetryDelay,
		engineConnectRetryJitterMultiplier, engineConnectRetryDelayMultiplier)
	retry.RetryWithBackoff(taskEngineConnectBackoff, func() error {
		if engine.initialized {
			return nil
		}
		err := engine.Init(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			errorOnce.Do(func() {
				logger.Error("Could not connect to docker daemon", logger.Fields{
					field.Error: err,
				})
			})
		}
		return err
	})
}

// SetDataClient sets the saver that is used by the DockerTaskEngine.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) SetDataClient(client data.Client) {
	engine.dataClient = client
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) Context() context.Context {
	return engine.ctx
}

// Shutdown makes a best-effort attempt to cleanup after the task engine.
// This should not be relied on for anything more complicated than testing.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) Shutdown() {
	engine.stopEngine()
	engine.Disable()
}

// Disable prevents this engine from managing any additional tasks.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) Disable() {
	engine.tasksLock.Lock()
}

// isTaskManaged checks if task for the corresponding arn is present
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) isTaskManaged(arn string) bool {
	engine.tasksLock.RLock()
	defer engine.tasksLock.RUnlock()
	_, ok := engine.managedTasks[arn]
	return ok
}

// synchronizeState explicitly goes through each docker container stored in
// "state" and updates its KnownStatus appropriately, as well as queueing up
// events to push upstream. It also initializes some fields of task resources and eni attachments that won't be populated
// from loading state file.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) synchronizeState() {
	engine.tasksLock.Lock()
	defer engine.tasksLock.Unlock()
	imageStates := engine.state.AllImageStates()
	if len(imageStates) != 0 {
		engine.imageManager.AddAllImageStates(imageStates)
	}
	eniAttachments := engine.state.AllENIAttachments()
	for _, eniAttachment := range eniAttachments {
		timeoutFunc := func() {
			eniAttachment, ok := engine.state.ENIByMac(eniAttachment.MACAddress)
			if !ok {
				logger.Warn("Ignoring unmanaged ENI attachment", logger.Fields{
					"macAddress": eniAttachment.MACAddress,
				})
				return
			}
			if !eniAttachment.IsSent() {
				logger.Warn("Timed out waiting for ENI ack; removing ENI attachment record", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskARN:   eniAttachment.TaskARN,
					field.Status:    eniAttachment.Status.String(),
					"attachmentArn": eniAttachment.AttachmentARN,
					"expiresAt":     eniAttachment.ExpiresAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
					"type":          eniAttachment.AttachmentType,
				})
				engine.removeENIAttachmentData(eniAttachment.MACAddress)
				engine.state.RemoveENIAttachment(eniAttachment.MACAddress)
			}
		}
		err := eniAttachment.Initialize(timeoutFunc)
		if err != nil {
			// The only case where we get an error from Initialize is that the attachment has expired. In that case, remove the expired
			// attachment from state.
			logger.Warn("ENI attachment has expired; removing it from state", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskARN:   eniAttachment.TaskARN,
				field.Status:    eniAttachment.Status.String(),
				"attachmentArn": eniAttachment.AttachmentARN,
				"expiresAt":     eniAttachment.ExpiresAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
				"type":          eniAttachment.AttachmentType,
			})
			engine.removeENIAttachmentData(eniAttachment.MACAddress)
			engine.state.RemoveENIAttachment(eniAttachment.MACAddress)
		}
	}

	tasks := engine.state.AllTasks()
	// For normal task progress, overseeTask 'consume's resources through waitForHostResources in host_resource_manager before progressing
	// For agent restarts (state restore), we pre-consume resources for tasks that had progressed beyond waitForHostResources stage -
	// so these tasks do not wait during 'waitForHostResources' call again - do not go through queuing again
	//
	// Call reconcileHostResources before
	// - filterTasksToStartUnsafe which will reconcile container statuses for the duration the agent was stopped
	// - starting managedTask's overseeTask goroutines
	engine.reconcileHostResources()
	tasksToStart := engine.filterTasksToStartUnsafe(tasks)
	for _, task := range tasks {
		task.InitializeResources(engine.resourceFields)
		engine.saveTaskData(task)
	}

	for _, task := range tasksToStart {
		engine.startTask(task)
	}
}

// filterTasksToStartUnsafe filters only the tasks that need to be started after
// the agent has been restarted. It also synchronizes states of all of the containers
// in tasks that need to be started.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) filterTasksToStartUnsafe(tasks []*apitask.Task) []*apitask.Task {
	var tasksToStart []*apitask.Task
	for _, task := range tasks {
		conts, ok := engine.state.ContainerMapByArn(task.Arn)
		if !ok {
			// task hasn't started processing, no need to check container status
			tasksToStart = append(tasksToStart, task)
			continue
		}

		for _, cont := range conts {
			engine.synchronizeContainerStatus(cont, task)
			engine.saveDockerContainerData(cont) // persist the container with the updated information.
		}

		tasksToStart = append(tasksToStart, task)
	}

	return tasksToStart
}

// updateContainerMetadata sets the container metadata from the docker inspect,
// and update port mappings for bridge mode containers with service connect enabled
func updateContainerMetadata(metadata *dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata, container *apicontainer.Container, task *apitask.Task) {
	container.SetCreatedAt(metadata.CreatedAt)
	container.SetStartedAt(metadata.StartedAt)
	container.SetFinishedAt(metadata.FinishedAt)

	// Set the labels if it's not set
	if len(metadata.Labels) != 0 && len(container.GetLabels()) == 0 {
		container.SetLabels(metadata.Labels)
	}

	// Update volume for empty volume container
	if metadata.Volumes != nil {
		if container.IsInternal() {
			task.UpdateMountPoints(container, metadata.Volumes)
		} else {
			container.SetVolumes(metadata.Volumes)
		}
	}

	// Set Exitcode if it's not set
	if metadata.ExitCode != nil {
		container.SetKnownExitCode(metadata.ExitCode)
	}

	// Set port mappings
	if len(metadata.PortBindings) != 0 && len(container.GetKnownPortBindings()) == 0 {
		container.SetKnownPortBindings(metadata.PortBindings)
	}

	// update port mappings for service connect bridge mode.
	// For the bridge-mode ServiceConnect-enabled task, port mappings are applied to the pause container
	// (~internal-ecs-pause-<$APP_CONTAINER>) instead of the application container (<$APP_CONTAINER>); therefore,
	// we need to remap the port mappings from the associated pause container (~internal-ecs-pause-<$APP_CONTAINER>)
	// to the application container (<$APP_CONTAINER>).
	if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() && task.IsNetworkModeBridge() &&
		!container.IsInternal() && len(container.Name) > 0 {
		pauseContainer, err := task.GetBridgeModePauseContainerForTaskContainer(container)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Error("Error resolving pause container for bridge mode SC container", logger.Fields{
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
		} else {
			container.SetKnownPortBindings(pauseContainer.GetKnownPortBindings())
		}
	}

	// update the container health information
	if container.HealthStatusShouldBeReported() {
		container.SetHealthStatus(metadata.Health)
	}
	container.SetNetworkMode(metadata.NetworkMode)
	container.SetNetworkSettings(metadata.NetworkSettings)
}

// synchronizeContainerStatus checks and updates the container status with docker
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) synchronizeContainerStatus(container *apicontainer.DockerContainer, task *apitask.Task) {
	if container.DockerID == "" {
		logger.Debug("Found container potentially created while we were down", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.DockerName,
		})
		// Figure out the dockerid
		describedContainer, err := engine.client.InspectContainer(engine.ctx,
			container.DockerName, dockerclient.InspectContainerTimeout)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Warn("Error getting container with name", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.DockerName,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
		} else {
			// update the container metadata in case the container was created during agent restart
			metadata := dockerapi.MetadataFromContainer(describedContainer)
			updateContainerMetadata(&metadata, container.Container, task)
			container.DockerID = describedContainer.ID

			container.Container.SetKnownStatus(dockerapi.DockerStateToState(describedContainer.State))
			// update mappings that need dockerid
			engine.state.AddContainer(container, task)
			err := engine.imageManager.RecordContainerReference(container.Container)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Warn("Unable to add container reference to image state", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
					field.Container: container.DockerName,
					field.Error:     err,
				})
			}
		}
		return
	}

	currentState, metadata := engine.client.DescribeContainer(engine.ctx, container.DockerID)
	if metadata.Error != nil {
		currentState = apicontainerstatus.ContainerStopped
		// If this is a Docker API error
		if metadata.Error.ErrorName() == dockerapi.CannotDescribeContainerErrorName {
			logger.Warn("Could not describe previously known container; assuming dead", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.DockerName,
				field.DockerId:  container.DockerID,
				field.Error:     metadata.Error,
			})
			if !container.Container.KnownTerminal() {
				container.Container.ApplyingError = apierrors.NewNamedError(&ContainerVanishedError{})
				err := engine.imageManager.RemoveContainerReferenceFromImageState(container.Container)
				if err != nil {
					logger.Warn("Could not remove container reference from image state", logger.Fields{
						field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
						field.Container: container.DockerName,
						"image":         container.Container.Image,
						field.Error:     err,
					})
				}
			}
		} else {
			// If this is a container state error
			updateContainerMetadata(&metadata, container.Container, task)
			container.Container.ApplyingError = apierrors.NewNamedError(metadata.Error)
		}
	} else {
		// update the container metadata in case the container status/metadata changed during agent restart
		updateContainerMetadata(&metadata, container.Container, task)
		err := engine.imageManager.RecordContainerReference(container.Container)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Warn("Unable to add container reference to image state", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.DockerName,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
		}
		if engine.cfg.ContainerMetadataEnabled.Enabled() && !container.Container.IsMetadataFileUpdated() {
			go engine.updateMetadataFile(task, container)
		}
	}
	if currentState > container.Container.GetKnownStatus() {
		// update the container known status
		container.Container.SetKnownStatus(currentState)
	}
	// Update task ExecutionStoppedAt timestamp
	task.RecordExecutionStoppedAt(container.Container)
}

// checkTaskState inspects the state of all containers within a task and writes
// their state to the managed task's container channel.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) checkTaskState(task *apitask.Task) {
	for _, container := range task.Containers {
		dockerID, err := engine.getDockerID(task, container)
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		status, metadata := engine.client.DescribeContainer(engine.ctx, dockerID)
		engine.tasksLock.RLock()
		managedTask, ok := engine.managedTasks[task.Arn]
		engine.tasksLock.RUnlock()

		if ok {
			managedTask.emitDockerContainerChange(dockerContainerChange{
				container: container,
				event: dockerapi.DockerContainerChangeEvent{
					Status:                  status,
					DockerContainerMetadata: metadata,
				},
			})
		}
	}
}

// sweepTask deletes all the containers associated with a task
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) sweepTask(task *apitask.Task) {
	for _, cont := range task.Containers {
		err := engine.removeContainer(task, cont)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Error("Unable to remove old container", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: cont.Name,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
		}
		// Internal container(created by ecs-agent) state isn't recorded
		if cont.IsInternal() {
			continue
		}
		err = engine.imageManager.RemoveContainerReferenceFromImageState(cont)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Error("Unable to remove container reference from image state", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: cont.Name,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
		}
	}

	// Clean metadata directory for task
	if engine.cfg.ContainerMetadataEnabled.Enabled() {
		err := engine.metadataManager.Clean(task.Arn)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Warn("Error cleaning task metadata", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
				field.Error:  err,
			})
		}
	}
}

var removeAll = os.RemoveAll

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) deleteTask(task *apitask.Task) {
	for _, resource := range task.GetResources() {
		err := resource.Cleanup()
		if err != nil {
			logger.Warn("Unable to cleanup resource", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:   task.GetID(),
				field.Resource: resource.GetName(),
				field.Error:    err,
			})
		} else {
			logger.Info("Resource cleanup complete", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:   task.GetID(),
				field.Resource: resource.GetName(),
			})
		}
	}

	tID := task.GetID()
	if execcmd.IsExecEnabledTask(task) {
		// cleanup host exec agent log dirs
		if err := removeAll(filepath.Join(execcmd.ECSAgentExecLogDir, tID)); err != nil {
			logger.Warn("Unable to remove ExecAgent host logs for task", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID: tID,
				field.Error:  err,
			})
		}
	}

	if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() {
		serviceconnectConfig := task.GetServiceConnectRuntimeConfig()
		if err := removeAll(filepath.Dir(serviceconnectConfig.AdminSocketPath)); err != nil {
			logger.Warn("Unable to remove service-connect UDS bind mount path for task", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID: tID,
				field.Error:  err,
			})
		}
	}

	// Now remove ourselves from the global state and cleanup channels
	engine.tasksLock.Lock()
	engine.state.RemoveTask(task)

	taskENIs := task.GetTaskENIs()
	for _, taskENI := range taskENIs {
		// ENIs that exist only as logical associations on another interface do not have
		// attachments that need to be removed.
		if taskENI.IsStandardENI() {
			logger.Debug("Removing ENI from agent state", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
				"eni":        taskENI.ID,
			})
			engine.removeENIAttachmentData(taskENI.MacAddress)
			engine.state.RemoveENIAttachment(taskENI.MacAddress)
		} else {
			logger.Debug("Skipping removing logical ENI from agent state because it's not a standard ENI", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
				"eni":        taskENI.ID,
			})
		}
	}

	// Remove task and container data from database.
	engine.removeTaskData(task)

	logger.Info("Finished removing task data, removing task from managed tasks", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
	})
	delete(engine.managedTasks, task.Arn)
	engine.tasksLock.Unlock()
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) EmitTaskEvent(task *apitask.Task, reason string) {
	if task.GetKnownStatus().Terminal() {
		// Always do (idempotent) release host resources whenever state change with
		// known status == STOPPED is done to ensure sync between tasks and host resource manager
		resourcesToRelease := task.ToHostResources()
		err := engine.hostResourceManager.release(task.Arn, resourcesToRelease)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Critical("Failed to release resources after test stopped", logger.Fields{field.TaskARN: task.Arn})
		}
	}
	event, err := api.NewTaskStateChangeEvent(task, reason)
	if err != nil {
		if _, ok := err.(api.ErrShouldNotSendEvent); ok {
			logger.Debug(err.Error(), logger.Fields{field.TaskID: task.GetID()})
		} else {
			logger.Error("Unable to create task state change event", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
				field.Error:  err,
			})
		}
		return
	}
	logger.Info("Preparing to send change event", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
		field.Status: event.Status.String(),
		field.Reason: event.Reason,
	})
	engine.stateChangeEvents <- event
}

// startTask creates a managedTask construct to track the task and then begins
// pushing it towards its desired state when allowed startTask is protected by
// the tasksLock lock of 'AddTask'. It should not be called from anywhere
// else and should exit quickly to allow AddTask to do more work.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) startTask(task *apitask.Task) {
	// Create a channel that may be used to communicate with this task, survey
	// what tasks need to be waited for this one to start, and then spin off
	// a goroutine to oversee this task

	thisTask := engine.newManagedTask(task)
	thisTask._time = engine.time()

	go thisTask.overseeTask()
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) time() ttime.Time {
	engine._timeOnce.Do(func() {
		if engine._time == nil {
			engine._time = &ttime.DefaultTime{}
		}
	})
	return engine._time
}

// openEventstream opens, but does not consume, the docker event stream
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) openEventstream(ctx context.Context) error {
	events, err := engine.client.ContainerEvents(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	engine.events = events
	return nil
}

// handleDockerEvents must be called after openEventstream; it processes each
// event that it reads from the docker eventstream
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) handleDockerEvents(ctx context.Context) {
	for {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return
		case event := <-engine.events:
			engine.handleDockerEvent(event)
		}
	}
}

// handleDockerEvent is the entrypoint for task modifications originating with
// events occurring through Docker, outside the task engine itself.
// handleDockerEvent is responsible for taking an event that correlates to a
// container and placing it in the context of the task to which that container
// belongs.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) handleDockerEvent(event dockerapi.DockerContainerChangeEvent) {

	eventFields := logger.Fields{
		field.DockerId: event.DockerID,
		field.Status:   event.Status.String(),
		"health":       event.Health.Status.String(),
	}

	if event.ExitCode != nil {
		eventFields["exitCode"] = aws.IntValue(event.ExitCode)
	}
	if len(event.PortBindings) != 0 {
		eventFields["portBindings"] = event.PortBindings
	}
	if event.Error != nil {
		eventFields[field.Error] = event.Error
	}
	if len(event.Volumes) != 0 {
		eventFields["volumes"] = event.Volumes
	}
	if len(event.Labels) != 0 {
		eventFields["labels"] = event.Labels
	}
	if !event.CreatedAt.IsZero() {
		eventFields["createdAt"] = event.CreatedAt.String()
	}
	if !event.StartedAt.IsZero() {
		eventFields["startedAt"] = event.StartedAt.String()
	}
	if !event.FinishedAt.IsZero() {
		eventFields["finishedAt"] = event.FinishedAt.String()
	}
	logger.Debug("Handling a docker event", eventFields)

	task, ok := engine.state.TaskByID(event.DockerID)
	if !ok {
		logger.Debug("Unable to map container event to task", eventFields)
		return
	}
	cont, ok := engine.state.ContainerByID(event.DockerID)
	if !ok {
		logger.Debug("Unable to map container id to container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
		}, eventFields)
		return
	}

	// Container health status change does not affect the container status
	// no need to process this in task manager
	if event.Type == apicontainer.ContainerHealthEvent {
		if cont.Container.HealthStatusShouldBeReported() {
			logger.Debug("Updating container health status", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: cont.Container.Name,
				field.DockerId:  cont.DockerID,
				"status":        event.DockerContainerMetadata.Health.Status.String(),
				"exitCode":      event.DockerContainerMetadata.Health.ExitCode,
				"output":        event.DockerContainerMetadata.Health.Output,
			})
			cont.Container.SetHealthStatus(event.DockerContainerMetadata.Health)
		}
		return
	}

	engine.tasksLock.RLock()
	managedTask, ok := engine.managedTasks[task.Arn]
	engine.tasksLock.RUnlock()
	if !ok {
		logger.Critical("Could not find managed task for docker event", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
		}, eventFields)
		return
	}
	logger.Debug("Writing docker event to the task", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
	}, eventFields)
	managedTask.emitDockerContainerChange(dockerContainerChange{container: cont.Container, event: event})
	logger.Debug("Wrote docker event to the task", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
	}, eventFields)
}

// StateChangeEvents returns channels to read task and container state changes. These
// changes should be read as soon as possible as them not being read will block
// processing the task referenced by the event.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) StateChangeEvents() chan statechange.Event {
	return engine.stateChangeEvents
}

// AddTask starts tracking a task
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) AddTask(task *apitask.Task) {
	err := task.PostUnmarshalTask(engine.cfg, engine.credentialsManager,
		engine.resourceFields, engine.client, engine.ctx)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Unable to add task to the engine", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
			field.Error:  err,
		})
		task.SetKnownStatus(apitaskstatus.TaskStopped)
		task.SetDesiredStatus(apitaskstatus.TaskStopped)
		engine.EmitTaskEvent(task, err.Error())
		return
	}
	if task.IsEBSTaskAttachEnabled() {
		logger.Info("Task is EBS TaskAttachEnabled", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
		})
	}
	// Check if ServiceConnect is Needed
	if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() {
		if engine.serviceconnectRelay == nil {
			engine.serviceconnectRelay, err = engine.serviceconnectManager.CreateInstanceTask(engine.cfg)

			if err != nil {
				logger.Error("Unable to start relay for task in the engine", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
					field.Error:  err,
				})
				task.SetKnownStatus(apitaskstatus.TaskStopped)
				task.SetDesiredStatus(apitaskstatus.TaskStopped)
				engine.EmitTaskEvent(task, err.Error())
				return
			}
			engine.AddTask(engine.serviceconnectRelay)
			logger.Info("docker_task_engine: Added AppNet Relay task to engine")
		}
	}
	engine.UpsertTask(task)
}

// UpsertTask upserts a task in the task engine. Upserting means:
//   - if a task with the same ARN already exists in the task engine's state, then the existing task's desired
//     status is updated to the desired status of the upserted task
//   - else the upserted task is inserted into the task engine's state
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) UpsertTask(task *apitask.Task) {
	engine.tasksLock.Lock()
	defer engine.tasksLock.Unlock()

	existingTask, exists := engine.state.TaskByArn(task.Arn)
	if !exists {
		// This will update the container desired status
		task.UpdateDesiredStatus()

		// This will update any dependencies for awsvpc network mode before the task is started.
		engine.updateTaskENIDependencies(task)

		engine.state.AddTask(task)
		if dependencygraph.ValidDependencies(task, engine.cfg) {
			engine.startTask(task)
		} else {
			logger.Error("Task has circular dependencies; unable to start", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
			})
			task.SetKnownStatus(apitaskstatus.TaskStopped)
			task.SetDesiredStatus(apitaskstatus.TaskStopped)
			err := TaskDependencyError{task.Arn}
			engine.EmitTaskEvent(task, err.Error())
		}
		return
	}
	engine.updateTaskDesiredStatusUnsafe(existingTask, task.GetDesiredStatus())
}

// ListTasks returns the tasks currently managed by the DockerTaskEngine
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) ListTasks() ([]*apitask.Task, error) {
	return engine.state.AllTasks(), nil
}

// GetTaskByArn returns the task identified by that ARN
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) GetTaskByArn(arn string) (*apitask.Task, bool) {
	return engine.state.TaskByArn(arn)
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) GetDaemonTask(daemonName string) *apitask.Task {
	engine.daemonTasksLock.RLock()
	defer engine.daemonTasksLock.RUnlock()
	if daemon, ok := engine.daemonTasks[daemonName]; ok {
		return daemon
	}
	return nil
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) SetDaemonTask(daemonName string, task *apitask.Task) {
	engine.daemonTasksLock.Lock()
	defer engine.daemonTasksLock.Unlock()
	engine.daemonTasks[daemonName] = task
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) GetDaemonManagers() map[string]dm.DaemonManager {
	return engine.daemonManagers
}

// Pulls the manifest of the container image.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) pullContainerManifest(
	task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container,
) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	if container.IsInternal() {
		logger.Info("Digest resolution not required", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskARN:       task.Arn,
			field.ContainerName: container.Name,
			field.Image:         container.Image,
		})
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{}
	}

	// AppNet Agent container image is managed at start up so it is not in-scope for digest resolution.
	// (it uses the same image as AppNet Relay container)
	if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() && container == task.GetServiceConnectContainer() {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{}
	}

	imageManifestDigest := referenceutil.GetDigestFromImageRef(container.Image)
	// Checks if the container's image requires manifest digest resolution.
	// Manifest digest resolution is required if the container's image reference does not
	// have a digest.
	if imageManifestDigest == "" {
		if !engine.imagePullRequired(engine.cfg.ImagePullBehavior, container, task.GetID()) {
			// Image pull is not required for the container so we will use a locally available
			// image for the container. Get digest from a locally available image.
			imgInspect, err := engine.client.InspectImage(container.Image)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Error("Failed to inspect image to find repo digest", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskARN:       task.Arn,
					field.ContainerName: container.Name,
					field.Image:         container.Image,
				})
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
					Error: dockerapi.CannotPullImageManifestError{FromError: err},
				}
			}
			if len(imgInspect.RepoDigests) == 0 {
				// Image was not pulled from a registry, so the user must have cached it on the
				// host directly. Skip digest resolution for this case as there is no digest.
				logger.Info("No repo digest found", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskARN:       task.Arn,
					field.ContainerName: container.Name,
					field.Image:         container.Image,
				})
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{}
			}
			parsedDigest, err := referenceutil.GetDigestFromRepoDigests(
				imgInspect.RepoDigests, container.Image)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Error("Failed to find a repo digest matching the image", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskARN:       task.Arn,
					field.ContainerName: container.Name,
					field.Image:         container.Image,
					"repoDigests":       imgInspect.RepoDigests,
				})
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
					Error: dockerapi.CannotPullImageManifestError{
						FromError: fmt.Errorf("failed to find a repo digest matching '%s'", container.Image),
					},
				}
			}

			imageManifestDigest = parsedDigest
			logger.Info("Fetched image manifest digest for container from local image inspect", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskARN:       task.Arn,
				field.ContainerName: container.Name,
				field.ImageDigest:   imageManifestDigest.String(),
				field.Image:         container.Image,
			})
		} else {
			// Digest should be resolved by calling the registry

			// Technically, API version 1.30 is enough to call Distribution API to fetch image manifests
			// from registries. However, Docker engine versions between 17.06 (API version 1.30) and
			// 17.12 (API version 1.35) support image pulls from v1 registries
			// (using `disable-legacy-registry` option) whereas Distribution API does not work against
			// v1 registries. So, to be safe, we will only attempt digest resolution if Docker engine
			// version is >= 17.12 (API version 1.35).
			supportedAPIVersion := dockerclient.GetSupportedDockerAPIVersion(dockerclient.Version_1_35)
			client, err := engine.client.WithVersion(supportedAPIVersion)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Warn(
					"Failed to find a supported API version that supports manifest pulls. Skipping digest resolution.",
					logger.Fields{
						field.TaskARN:        task.Arn,
						field.ContainerName:  container.Name,
						"requiredAPIVersion": supportedAPIVersion,
						field.Error:          err,
					})
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{}
			}

			// Set registry auth credentials if required and clear them when no longer needed
			clearCreds, authError := engine.setRegistryCredentials(container, task)
			if authError != nil {
				logger.Error("Failed to set registry auth credentials", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskARN:       task.Arn,
					field.ContainerName: container.Name,
					field.Error:         authError,
				})
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: authError}
			}
			if clearCreds != nil {
				defer clearCreds()
			}

			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(engine.ctx, engine.cfg.ManifestPullTimeout)
			defer cancel()
			distInspect, manifestPullErr := client.PullImageManifest(
				ctx, container.Image, container.RegistryAuthentication)
			if manifestPullErr != nil {
				logger.Error("Failed to fetch image manifest from registry", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskARN:       task.Arn,
					field.ContainerName: container.Name,
					field.Image:         container.Image,
					field.Error:         manifestPullErr,
				})
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: manifestPullErr}
			}
			imageManifestMediaType := distInspect.Descriptor.MediaType
			logger.Info("Fetched image manifest MediaType for container from registry", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskARN:        task.Arn,
				field.ContainerName:  container.Name,
				field.ImageMediaType: imageManifestMediaType,
				field.Image:          container.Image,
			})
			if imageManifestMediaType == mediaTypeManifestV1 || imageManifestMediaType == mediaTypeSignedManifestV1 {
				logger.Info("skipping digest resolution for manifest v2 schema 1", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskARN:        task.Arn,
					field.ContainerName:  container.Name,
					field.ImageMediaType: imageManifestMediaType,
					field.Image:          container.Image,
				})
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{}
			}
			imageManifestDigest = distInspect.Descriptor.Digest
			logger.Info("Fetched image manifest digest for container from registry", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskARN:       task.Arn,
				field.ContainerName: container.Name,
				field.ImageDigest:   imageManifestDigest.String(),
				field.Image:         container.Image,
			})
		}

	}

	logger.Debug("Setting image digest on container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskARN:       task.Arn,
		field.ContainerName: container.Name,
		field.ImageDigest:   imageManifestDigest.String(),
	})
	container.SetImageDigest(imageManifestDigest.String())
	return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) pullContainer(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	switch container.Type {
	case apicontainer.ContainerCNIPause, apicontainer.ContainerNamespacePause, apicontainer.ContainerServiceConnectRelay, apicontainer.ContainerManagedDaemon:
		// pause images and AppNet relay image are managed at startup
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{}
	}
	// AppNet Agent container image is also managed at start up (it uses the same image as AppNet Relay container)
	if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() && container == task.GetServiceConnectContainer() {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{}
	}

	if engine.imagePullRequired(engine.cfg.ImagePullBehavior, container, task.GetID()) {
		// Record the pullStoppedAt timestamp
		defer func() {
			timestamp := engine.time().Now()
			task.SetPullStoppedAt(timestamp)
		}()
		logger.Info("Pulling image for container concurrently", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.Image:     container.Image,
		})
		return engine.concurrentPull(task, container)

	}

	// No pull image is required, the cached image will be used.
	// Add the container that uses the cached image to the pulled container state.
	dockerContainer := &apicontainer.DockerContainer{
		Container: container,
	}
	engine.state.AddPulledContainer(dockerContainer, task)

	// No pull image is required, just update container reference and use cached image.
	engine.updateContainerReference(false, container, task.GetID())
	// Return the metadata without any error
	return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: nil}
}

// imagePullRequired returns true if pulling image is required, or return false if local image cache
// should be used, by inspecting the agent pull behavior variable defined in config. The caller has
// to make sure the container passed in is not an internal container.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) imagePullRequired(imagePullBehavior config.ImagePullBehaviorType,
	container *apicontainer.Container,
	taskId string) bool {
	switch imagePullBehavior {
	case config.ImagePullOnceBehavior:
		// If this image has been pulled successfully before, don't pull the image,
		// otherwise pull the image as usual, regardless whether the image exists or not
		// (the image can be prepopulated with the AMI and never be pulled).
		imageState, ok := engine.imageManager.GetImageStateFromImageName(container.Image)
		if ok && imageState.GetPullSucceeded() {
			logger.Info("Image for container already exists, not pulling it again", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    taskId,
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Image:     container.Image,
			})
			return false
		}
		return true
	case config.ImagePullPreferCachedBehavior:
		// If the behavior is prefer cached, don't pull if we found cached image
		// by inspecting the image.
		_, err := engine.client.InspectImage(container.Image)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Info("Image inspect returned error, manifest and image pull required", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    taskId,
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Image:     container.Image,
				field.Error:     err.Error(),
			})
			return true
		}
		logger.Info("Found cached image, use it directly for container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    taskId,
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.Image:     container.Image,
		})
		return false
	default:
		// Need to pull the image for always and default agent pull behavior
		return true
	}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) concurrentPull(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	logger.Debug("Attempting to obtain ImagePullDeleteLock to pull image for container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
		field.Image:     container.Image,
	})
	ImagePullDeleteLock.RLock()
	logger.Debug("Acquired ImagePullDeleteLock, start pulling image for container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
		field.Image:     container.Image,
	})
	defer logger.Debug("Released ImagePullDeleteLock after pulling image for container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
		field.Image:     container.Image,
	})
	defer ImagePullDeleteLock.RUnlock()

	// Record the task pull_started_at timestamp
	pullStart := engine.time().Now()
	ok := task.SetPullStartedAt(pullStart)
	if ok {
		logger.Info("Recording start time for image pull", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.Image:     container.Image,
			"pullStart":     pullStart.String(),
		})

	}
	metadata := engine.pullAndUpdateContainerReference(task, container)
	if metadata.Error == nil {
		elapsed := time.Since(pullStart)
		logger.Info("Finished pulling image for container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.Image:     container.Image,
			field.Elapsed:   elapsed.String(),
			"elapsedMs":     elapsed.Milliseconds(),
		})
	} else {
		logger.Error("Failed to pull image for container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.Image:     container.Image,
			field.Error:     metadata.Error,
		})
	}
	return metadata
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) pullAndUpdateContainerReference(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	// If a task is blocked here for some time, and before it starts pulling image,
	// the task's desired status is set to stopped, then don't pull the image
	if task.GetDesiredStatus() == apitaskstatus.TaskStopped {
		logger.Warn("Task's desired status is stopped, skipping image pull for container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.Image:     container.Image,
		})
		container.SetDesiredStatus(apicontainerstatus.ContainerStopped)
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: TaskStoppedBeforePullBeginError{task.Arn}}
	}

	// Set registry auth credentials if required and clearCreds them when no longer needed
	clearCreds, err := engine.setRegistryCredentials(container, task)
	if err != nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: err}
	}
	if clearCreds != nil {
		defer clearCreds()
	}

	imageRef := container.Image
	imageDigest := container.GetImageDigest()
	if imageDigest != "" {
		// If image digest is available then prepare a canonical reference to be used for image pull.
		// This ensures that the image version referenced by the digest is pulled.
		canonicalRef, err := referenceutil.GetCanonicalRef(imageRef, imageDigest)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Error("Failed to prepare a canonical reference. Cannot pull image.", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:      task.GetID(),
				field.Container:   container.Name,
				field.Image:       imageRef,
				field.ImageDigest: imageDigest,
				field.Error:       err,
			})
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
				Error: dockerapi.CannotPullContainerError{
					FromError: fmt.Errorf(
						"failed to prepare a canonical reference with image '%s' and digest '%s': %w",
						imageRef, imageDigest, err),
				},
			}
		}
		imageRef = canonicalRef.String()
		logger.Info("Prepared a canonical reference for image pull", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:      task.GetID(),
			field.Container:   container.Name,
			field.Image:       container.Image,
			field.ImageDigest: imageDigest,
			field.ImageRef:    imageRef,
		})
	}

	metadata := engine.client.PullImage(engine.ctx, imageRef, container.RegistryAuthentication, engine.cfg.ImagePullTimeout)

	// Don't add internal images(created by ecs-agent) into image manager state
	if container.IsInternal() {
		return metadata
	}
	pullSucceeded := metadata.Error == nil

	if pullSucceeded && imageRef != container.Image && !referenceutil.DigestExists(container.Image) {
		// Resolved image manifest digest was used to pull the image.
		// Tag the pulled image so that it can be found using the image reference in the task.
		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(engine.ctx, tagImageTimeout)
		defer cancel()
		err := engine.client.TagImage(ctx, imageRef, container.Image)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Error("Failed to tag image after pull", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Image:     container.Image,
				field.ImageRef:  imageRef,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
			if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
				metadata.Error = &dockerapi.DockerTimeoutError{
					Duration:   tagImageTimeout,
					Transition: "pulled",
				}
			} else {
				metadata.Error = &dockerapi.CannotPullContainerError{FromError: err}
			}
			pullSucceeded = false
		} else {
			logger.Info("Successfully tagged image", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Image:     container.Image,
				field.ImageRef:  imageRef,
			})
		}
	}

	findCachedImage := false
	if !pullSucceeded {
		// Extend error message
		metadata.Error = apierrormsgs.AugmentNamedErrMsg(metadata.Error)
		// If Agent failed to pull an image when
		// 1. DependentContainersPullUpfront is enabled
		// 2. ImagePullBehavior is not set to always
		// search the image in local cached images
		if engine.cfg.DependentContainersPullUpfront.Enabled() && engine.cfg.ImagePullBehavior != config.ImagePullAlwaysBehavior {
			if _, err := engine.client.InspectImage(imageRef); err != nil {
				logger.Error("Failed to find cached image for container", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
					field.Container: container.Name,
					field.Image:     imageRef,
					field.Error:     err,
				})
				// Stop the task if the container is an essential container,
				// and the image is not available in both remote and local caches
				if container.IsEssential() {
					task.SetDesiredStatus(apitaskstatus.TaskStopped)
					engine.EmitTaskEvent(task, fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", metadata.Error.ErrorName(), metadata.Error.Error()))
				}
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: metadata.Error}
			}
			logger.Info("Found cached image, use it directly for container", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Image:     imageRef,
			})
			findCachedImage = true
		}
	}

	if pullSucceeded || findCachedImage {
		dockerContainer := &apicontainer.DockerContainer{
			Container: container,
		}
		engine.state.AddPulledContainer(dockerContainer, task)
	}

	engine.updateContainerReference(pullSucceeded, container, task.GetID())
	return metadata
}

// Sets image registry auth credentials for the container.
// Returns a cleanup function that may be called to clear the credentials from the container
// when they are no longer needed. The cleanup function is `nil` if no credentials are needed
// for the container.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) setRegistryCredentials(
	container *apicontainer.Container, task *apitask.Task,
) (func(), apierrors.NamedError) {
	var cleanup func()

	// Set the credentials for pull from ECR if necessary
	if container.ShouldPullWithExecutionRole() {
		executionCredentials, ok := engine.credentialsManager.GetTaskCredentials(task.GetExecutionCredentialsID())
		if !ok {
			logger.Error("Unable to acquire ECR credentials to pull image for container", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:        task.GetID(),
				field.Container:     container.Name,
				field.Image:         container.Image,
				field.CredentialsID: task.GetExecutionCredentialsID(),
				field.RoleType:      credentials.ExecutionRoleType,
			})
			return nil, dockerapi.CannotPullECRContainerError{
				FromError: errors.New("engine ecr credentials: not found"),
			}
		}

		iamCredentials := executionCredentials.GetIAMRoleCredentials()
		logger.Info("Setting task execution credentials for image pull registry auth", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:        task.GetID(),
			field.Container:     container.Name,
			field.Image:         container.Image,
			field.RoleType:      iamCredentials.RoleType,
			field.RoleARN:       iamCredentials.RoleArn,
			field.CredentialsID: iamCredentials.CredentialsID,
		})
		container.SetRegistryAuthCredentials(iamCredentials)
		cleanup = func() { container.SetRegistryAuthCredentials(credentials.IAMRoleCredentials{}) }
	}

	// Apply registry auth data from ASM if required
	if container.ShouldPullWithASMAuth() {
		if err := task.PopulateASMAuthData(container); err != nil {
			logger.Error("Unable to acquire Docker registry credentials to pull image for container", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Image:     container.Image,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
			return nil, dockerapi.CannotPullContainerAuthError{
				FromError: errors.New("engine docker private registry credentials: not found"),
			}
		}
		cleanup = func() { container.SetASMDockerAuthConfig(registry.AuthConfig{}) }
	}

	return cleanup, nil
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) updateContainerReference(pullSucceeded bool, container *apicontainer.Container, taskId string) {
	err := engine.imageManager.RecordContainerReference(container)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Unable to add container reference to image state", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    taskId,
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.Error:     err,
		})
	}
	imageState, ok := engine.imageManager.GetImageStateFromImageName(container.Image)
	if ok && pullSucceeded {
		// Only need to update the pullSucceeded flag of the image state when its not yet set to true.
		if !imageState.GetPullSucceeded() {
			imageState.SetPullSucceeded(true)
			err = engine.dataClient.SaveImageState(imageState)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Warn("Unable to save image state", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    taskId,
					field.Container: container.Name,
					field.Image:     container.Image,
					field.Error:     err,
				})
			}
		}
	}
	engine.state.AddImageState(imageState)
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) createContainer(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	logger.Info("Creating container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
	})
	client := engine.client
	if container.DockerConfig.Version != nil {
		minVersion := dockerclient.GetSupportedDockerAPIVersion(dockerclient.DockerVersion(*container.DockerConfig.Version))
		logger.Debug("CreateContainer: overriding docker API version in task payload", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:              task.GetID(),
			field.Container:           container.Name,
			"usingDockerAPIVersion":   minVersion,
			"payloadDockerAPIVersion": *container.DockerConfig.Version,
		})
		// Error in creating versioned client is dealt with later when client.APIVersion() is called
		client, _ = client.WithVersion(minVersion)
	}

	dockerContainerName := ""
	containerMap, ok := engine.state.ContainerMapByArn(task.Arn)
	if !ok {
		containerMap = make(map[string]*apicontainer.DockerContainer)
	} else {
		// looking for container that has docker name but not created
		for _, v := range containerMap {
			if v.Container.Name == container.Name {
				dockerContainerName = v.DockerName
				break
			}
		}
	}

	// Resolve HostConfig
	// we have to do this in create, not start, because docker no longer handles
	// merging create config with start host-config the same; e.g. memory limits get lost
	dockerClientVersion, versionErr := client.APIVersion()
	if versionErr != nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: CannotGetDockerClientVersionError{versionErr}}
	}
	hostConfig, hcerr := task.DockerHostConfig(container, containerMap, dockerClientVersion, engine.cfg)
	if hcerr != nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(hcerr)}
	}

	// Add Service Connect modifications if needed
	if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() {
		err := engine.serviceconnectManager.AugmentTaskContainer(
			task, container, hostConfig, engine.cfg.InstanceIPCompatibility)
		if err != nil {
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NewNamedError(err)}
		}
	}
	if container.Type == apicontainer.ContainerServiceConnectRelay {
		err := engine.serviceconnectManager.AugmentInstanceContainer(task, container, hostConfig)
		if err != nil {
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NewNamedError(err)}
		}
	}

	if container.AWSLogAuthExecutionRole() {
		err := task.ApplyExecutionRoleLogsAuth(hostConfig, engine.credentialsManager)
		if err != nil {
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(err)}
		}
	}

	firelensConfig := container.GetFirelensConfig()
	if firelensConfig != nil {
		err := task.AddFirelensContainerBindMounts(firelensConfig, hostConfig, engine.cfg)
		if err != nil {
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(err)}
		}

		cerr := task.PopulateSecretLogOptionsToFirelensContainer(container)
		if cerr != nil {
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(cerr)}
		}

		if firelensConfig.Type == firelens.FirelensConfigTypeFluentd {
			// For fluentd router, needs to specify FLUENT_UID to root in order for the fluentd process to access
			// the socket created by Docker.
			container.MergeEnvironmentVariables(map[string]string{
				"FLUENT_UID": "0",
			})
		}
	}

	// If the container is using a special log driver type "awsfirelens", it means the container wants to use
	// the firelens container to send logs. In this case, override the log driver type to be fluentd
	// and specify appropriate tag and fluentd-address, so that the logs are sent to and routed by the firelens container.
	// Update the environment variables FLUENT_HOST and FLUENT_PORT depending on the supported network modes - bridge
	// and awsvpc. For reference - https://docs.docker.com/config/containers/logging/fluentd/.
	if hostConfig.LogConfig.Type == logDriverTypeFirelens {
		// We need the Docker server version in order to generate the appropriate firelens log config
		dockerServerVersion, err := engine.Version()
		if err != nil {
			logger.Error("Failed to determine Docker server version for Firelens log config generation", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
				Error: dockerapi.CannotCreateContainerError{FromError: errors.Wrapf(versionErr,
					"failed to create container - container uses awsfirelens log driver and we failed to "+
						"determine the Docker server version for Firelens log config generation")},
			}
		}
		logConfig, err := getFirelensLogConfig(task, container, hostConfig, engine.cfg, dockerServerVersion)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Error("Failed to generate the Firelens log config", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
				Error: dockerapi.CannotCreateContainerError{FromError: errors.Wrapf(err,
					"failed to create container - container uses awsfirelens log driver and we failed to "+
						"generate the Firelens log config")},
			}
		}
		hostConfig.LogConfig = logConfig

		if task.IsNetworkModeAWSVPC() {
			container.MergeEnvironmentVariables(map[string]string{
				fluentNetworkHost: FluentAWSVPCHostValue,
				fluentNetworkPort: FluentNetworkPortValue,
			})
		} else if container.GetNetworkModeFromHostConfig() == "" || container.GetNetworkModeFromHostConfig() == apitask.BridgeNetworkMode {
			targetContainer := task.GetFirelensContainer()
			// For bridge-mode ServiceConnect-enabled tasks, we inject pause container for each application container
			// including the firelens container. Therefore, when resolving the container IP, we should be checking that
			// of the associated pause container.
			if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() {
				var err error
				targetContainer, err = task.GetBridgeModePauseContainerForTaskContainer(targetContainer)
				if err != nil {
					logger.Error("Failed to create container", logger.Fields{
						field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
						field.Container: container.Name,
						field.Error: errors.New(fmt.Sprintf(
							"container uses awsfirelens log driver but we failed to resolve Firelens bridge IP: %v", err)),
					})
					return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
						Error: dockerapi.CannotCreateContainerError{FromError: errors.New(fmt.Sprintf(
							"failed to create container - container uses awsfirelens log driver but we failed to "+
								"resolve Firelens bridge IP: %v", err))},
					}
				}
			}
			ipAddress, ok := getContainerHostIP(targetContainer.GetNetworkSettings())
			if !ok {
				err := apierrors.DockerClientConfigError{Msg: "unable to get BridgeIP for task in bridge mode"}
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(&err)}
			}
			container.MergeEnvironmentVariables(map[string]string{
				fluentNetworkHost: ipAddress,
				fluentNetworkPort: FluentNetworkPortValue,
			})
		}
	}

	// This is a short term solution only for specific regions
	if hostConfig.LogConfig.Type == logDriverTypeAwslogs {
		if engine.cfg.InstanceIPCompatibility.IsIPv6Only() {
			engine.setAWSLogsDualStackEndpoint(task, container, hostConfig)
		} else {
			region := engine.cfg.AWSRegion
			if _, ok := unresolvedIsolatedRegions[region]; ok {
				endpoint := ""
				dnsSuffix := ""
				partition, ok := ep.PartitionForRegion(ep.DefaultPartitions(), region)
				if !ok {
					logger.Warn("No partition resolved for region. Using AWS default", logger.Fields{
						"region":           region,
						"defaultDNSSuffix": ep.AwsPartition().DNSSuffix(),
					})
					dnsSuffix = ep.AwsPartition().DNSSuffix()
				} else {
					resolvedEndpoint, err := partition.EndpointFor("logs", region)
					if err == nil {
						endpoint = resolvedEndpoint.URL
					} else {
						dnsSuffix = partition.DNSSuffix()
					}
				}
				if endpoint == "" {
					endpoint = fmt.Sprintf("https://logs.%s.%s", region, dnsSuffix)
				}
				hostConfig.LogConfig.Config[awsLogsEndpointKey] = endpoint
			}
		}
	}

	// If the container has mode=non-blocking set, and the max-buffer-size field is
	// unset, then default to maxBufferSizeDefault.
	if mode, ok := hostConfig.LogConfig.Config[logDriverMode]; ok {
		_, hasBufferSize := hostConfig.LogConfig.Config[logDriverBufferSize]
		if mode == string(dockercontainer.LogModeNonBlock) && !hasBufferSize {
			hostConfig.LogConfig.Config[logDriverBufferSize] = maxBufferSizeDefault
		}
	}

	//Apply the log driver secret into container's LogConfig and Env secrets to container.Environment
	hasSecretAsEnvOrLogDriver := func(s apicontainer.Secret) bool {
		return s.Type == apicontainer.SecretTypeEnv || s.Target == apicontainer.SecretTargetLogDriver
	}
	if container.HasSecret(hasSecretAsEnvOrLogDriver) {
		err := task.PopulateSecrets(hostConfig, container)

		if err != nil {
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(err)}
		}
	}

	// Populate credentialspec resource
	if container.RequiresAnyCredentialSpec() {
		logger.Debug("Obtained container with credentialspec resource requirement for task", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
		})
		var credSpecResource *credentialspec.CredentialSpecResource
		resource, ok := task.GetCredentialSpecResource()
		if !ok || len(resource) <= 0 {
			resMissingErr := &apierrors.DockerClientConfigError{Msg: "unable to fetch task resource credentialspec"}
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(resMissingErr)}
		}
		credSpecResource = resource[0].(*credentialspec.CredentialSpecResource)

		containerCredSpec, err := container.GetCredentialSpec()
		if err == nil && containerCredSpec != "" {
			// on windows CredentialSpec mapping: input := credentialspec:file://test.json, output := credentialspec=file://test.json
			// on linux CredentialSpec mapping: input := ssm/asm arn, output := /var/credentials-fetcher/krbdir/123456/ccname_webapp01_xyz
			desiredCredSpecInjection, err := credSpecResource.GetTargetMapping(containerCredSpec)
			if err != nil || desiredCredSpecInjection == "" {
				missingErr := &apierrors.DockerClientConfigError{Msg: "unable to fetch valid credentialspec mapping"}
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(missingErr)}
			}
			engine.updateCredentialSpecMapping(task.GetID(), container.Name, desiredCredSpecInjection, hostConfig)
		} else {
			emptyErr := &apierrors.DockerClientConfigError{Msg: "unable to fetch valid credentialspec: " + err.Error()}
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(emptyErr)}
		}
	}

	if container.ShouldCreateWithEnvFiles() {
		err := task.MergeEnvVarsFromEnvfiles(container)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Error("Error populating environment variables from specified files into container", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(err)}
		}
	}

	if execcmd.IsExecEnabledContainer(container) {
		tID := task.GetID()
		err := engine.execCmdMgr.InitializeContainer(tID, container, hostConfig)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Warn("Error initializing ExecCommandAgent; proceeding to start container without exec feature", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Error:     err,
			})
			// Emit a managedagent state chnage event if exec agent initialization fails
			engine.tasksLock.RLock()
			mTask, ok := engine.managedTasks[task.Arn]
			engine.tasksLock.RUnlock()
			if ok {
				mTask.emitManagedAgentEvent(mTask.Task, container, execcmd.ExecuteCommandAgentName, fmt.Sprintf("ExecuteCommandAgent Initialization failed - %v", err))
			} else {
				logger.Error("Failed to update status of ExecCommandAgent Process for container", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
					field.Container: container.Name,
					field.Error:     "managed task not found",
				})
			}
		}
	}

	config, err := task.DockerConfig(container, dockerClientVersion)
	if err != nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: apierrors.NamedError(err)}
	}

	// Augment labels with some metadata from the agent. Explicitly do this last
	// such that it will always override duplicates in the provided raw config
	// data.
	config.Labels[labelTaskARN] = task.Arn
	config.Labels[labelContainerName] = container.Name
	config.Labels[labelTaskDefinitionFamily] = task.Family
	config.Labels[labelTaskDefinitionVersion] = task.Version
	config.Labels[labelCluster] = engine.cfg.Cluster

	if dockerContainerName == "" {
		// only alphanumeric and hyphen characters are allowed
		reInvalidChars := regexp.MustCompile("[^A-Za-z0-9-]+")
		name := reInvalidChars.ReplaceAllString(container.Name, "")

		dockerContainerName = "ecs-" + task.Family + "-" + task.Version + "-" + name + "-" + utils.RandHex()

		// Pre-add the container in case we stop before the next, more useful,
		// AddContainer call. This ensures we have a way to get the container if
		// we die before 'createContainer' returns because we can inspect by
		// name
		engine.state.AddContainer(&apicontainer.DockerContainer{
			DockerName: dockerContainerName,
			Container:  container,
		}, task)
		logger.Info("Created container name mapping for task", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:          task.GetID(),
			field.Container:       container.Name,
			"dockerContainerName": dockerContainerName,
		})
	}

	// Create metadata directory and file then populate it with common metadata of all containers of this task
	// Afterwards add this directory to the container's mounts if file creation was successful
	if engine.cfg.ContainerMetadataEnabled.Enabled() && !container.IsInternal() {
		info, infoErr := engine.client.Info(engine.ctx, dockerclient.InfoTimeout)
		if infoErr != nil {
			logger.Warn("Unable to get docker info", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Error:     infoErr,
			})
		}
		mderr := engine.metadataManager.Create(config, hostConfig, task, container.Name, info.SecurityOptions)
		if mderr != nil {
			logger.Warn("Unable to create metadata for container", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
				field.Error:     mderr,
			})
		}
	}

	createContainerBegin := time.Now()
	metadata := client.CreateContainer(engine.ctx, config, hostConfig,
		dockerContainerName, engine.cfg.ContainerCreateTimeout)
	if metadata.DockerID != "" {
		dockerContainer := &apicontainer.DockerContainer{DockerID: metadata.DockerID,
			DockerName: dockerContainerName,
			Container:  container}
		engine.state.AddContainer(dockerContainer, task)
		engine.saveDockerContainerData(dockerContainer)
	}
	container.SetLabels(config.Labels)
	logger.Info("Created docker container for task", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
		field.DockerId:  metadata.DockerID,
		field.Elapsed:   time.Since(createContainerBegin),
	})
	container.SetRuntimeID(metadata.DockerID)
	return metadata
}

// getFirelensLogConfig generates the fluentd log driver's log config.
// Every container that wants to use Firelens for logging, gets one instance of the fluentd log driver associated to it.
func getFirelensLogConfig(task *apitask.Task,
	container *apicontainer.Container,
	hostConfig *dockercontainer.HostConfig,
	cfg *config.Config, dockerServerVersion string) (dockercontainer.LogConfig, error) {
	var firelensConfig dockercontainer.LogConfig
	// Set the log driver type
	firelensConfig.Type = logDriverTypeFluentd
	// Start from the existing container host config
	hostConfigLogConfig := hostConfig.LogConfig
	// Initialize a config to store the different log driver options
	firelensConfig.Config = make(map[string]string)
	// Generate a tag based on the task ID
	fields := strings.Split(task.Arn, "/")
	taskID := fields[len(fields)-1]
	tag := fmt.Sprintf(fluentTagDockerFormat, container.Name, taskID)
	firelensConfig.Config[logDriverTag] = tag
	// Construct the fluent socket address
	fluentd := socketPathPrefix + filepath.Join(cfg.DataDirOnHost, dataLogDriverPath, taskID, dataLogDriverSocketPath)
	firelensConfig.Config[logDriverFluentdAddress] = fluentd
	// Enable sub-second precision
	firelensConfig.Config[logDriverSubSecondPrecision] = strconv.FormatBool(true)
	// Set the log driver buffer limit if passed via the task payload
	bufferLimit, bufferLimitExists := hostConfigLogConfig.Config[apitask.FirelensLogDriverBufferLimitOption]
	if bufferLimitExists {
		firelensConfig.Config[logDriverBufferLimit] = bufferLimit
	}
	// Determine whether to use the "fluentd-async" option or the legacy "fluentd-async-connect" option.
	// "fluentd-async-connect" option was deprecated in Docker v20.10.0 and removed in v28.0.0.
	// It was replaced with the "fluentd-async" option starting Docker v20.10.0.
	// Docker v20.10.0 release notes: https://docs.docker.com/engine/release-notes/20.10/#logging-2
	// Docker v28.0.0 release notes: https://docs.docker.com/engine/release-notes/28/#removed
	// This change is not versioned and applies to all Docker client API versions.
	// Hence, in order to preserve backwards-compatibility with Docker server versions older than v20.10.0,
	// we need to continue using the older fluentd-async-connect option.
	isAsyncCompatible, err := utils.Version(dockerServerVersion).Matches(">=20.10.0")
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Unable to determine whether the Docker server version is at least 20.10.0", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.Error:     err,
		})
		return dockercontainer.LogConfig{}, errors.Wrapf(err,
			"unable to determine whether the Docker server version is at least 20.10.0")
	}
	if isAsyncCompatible {
		firelensConfig.Config[logDriverAsync] = strconv.FormatBool(cfg.FirelensAsyncEnabled.Enabled())
	} else {
		firelensConfig.Config[logDriverAsyncConnect] = strconv.FormatBool(cfg.FirelensAsyncEnabled.Enabled())
	}

	logger.Debug("Applying firelens log config for container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
		"config":        firelensConfig,
	})
	return firelensConfig, nil
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) startContainer(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	logger.Info("Starting container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
		field.RuntimeID: container.GetRuntimeID(),
	})
	client := engine.client
	if container.DockerConfig.Version != nil {
		minVersion := dockerclient.GetSupportedDockerAPIVersion(dockerclient.DockerVersion(*container.DockerConfig.Version))
		logger.Debug("StartContainer: overriding docker API version in task payload", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:              task.GetID(),
			field.Container:           container.Name,
			"usingDockerAPIVersion":   minVersion,
			"payloadDockerAPIVersion": *container.DockerConfig.Version,
		})
		// Error in creating versioned client is dealt with later when client.StartContainer() is called
		client, _ = client.WithVersion(minVersion)
	}

	dockerID, err := engine.getDockerID(task, container)
	if err != nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			Error: dockerapi.CannotStartContainerError{
				FromError: err,
			},
		}
	}

	startContainerBegin := time.Now()
	dockerContainerMD := client.StartContainer(engine.ctx, dockerID, engine.cfg.ContainerStartTimeout)
	if dockerContainerMD.Error != nil {
		return dockerContainerMD
	}

	logger.Info("Started container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
		field.RuntimeID: container.GetRuntimeID(),
		field.Elapsed:   time.Since(startContainerBegin),
	})

	// Get metadata through container inspection and available task information then write this to the metadata file
	// Performs this in the background to avoid delaying container start
	// TODO: Add a state to the apicontainer.Container for the status of the metadata file (Whether it needs update) and
	// add logic to engine state restoration to do a metadata update for containers that are running after the agent was restarted
	if engine.cfg.ContainerMetadataEnabled.Enabled() && !container.IsInternal() {
		go func() {
			err := engine.metadataManager.Update(engine.ctx, dockerID, task, container.Name)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Warn("Failed to update metadata file for container", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
					field.Container: container.Name,
					field.Error:     err,
				})
				return
			}
			container.SetMetadataFileUpdated()
			logger.Debug("Updated metadata file for container", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
				field.Container: container.Name,
			})
		}()
	}

	// If container is a firelens container, fluent host is needed to be added to the environment variable for the task.
	// For the supported network mode - bridge and awsvpc, the awsvpc take the host 127.0.0.1 but in bridge mode,
	// there is a need to wait for the IP to be present before the container using the firelens can be created.
	//
	// For bridge-mode ServiceConnect-enabled tasks, we inject pause container for each application container
	// including the firelens container. Therefore, when resolving the container IP, we should be checking that
	// of the associated pause container. In such case, the firelens container has network mode "container" since it's
	// launched into its pause container's network namespace.
	if container.GetFirelensConfig() != nil && task.IsNetworkModeBridge() {
		_, gotContainerIP := getContainerHostIP(dockerContainerMD.NetworkSettings)
		if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() {
			targetContainer, err := task.GetBridgeModePauseContainerForTaskContainer(container)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Error("Failed to start Firelens container", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
					field.Container: container.Name,
					field.Error:     err,
				})
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
					Error: dockerapi.CannotStartContainerError{FromError: errors.New(fmt.Sprintf(
						"failed to start firelens container: %v", err))},
				}
			}
			_, gotContainerIP = getContainerHostIP(targetContainer.GetNetworkSettings())
		}

		if !gotContainerIP {
			getIPBridgeBackoff := retry.NewExponentialBackoff(minGetIPBridgeTimeout, maxGetIPBridgeTimeout, getIPBridgeRetryJitterMultiplier, getIPBridgeRetryDelayMultiplier)
			contextWithTimeout, cancel := context.WithTimeout(engine.ctx, time.Minute)
			defer cancel()
			err := retry.RetryWithBackoffCtx(contextWithTimeout, getIPBridgeBackoff, func() error {
				gotIPBridge := false
				if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() {
					targetContainer, err := task.GetBridgeModePauseContainerForTaskContainer(container)
					if err != nil {
						return err
					}
					_, gotIPBridge = getContainerHostIP(targetContainer.GetNetworkSettings())
					if gotIPBridge {
						return nil
					}
				} else {
					inspectOutput, err := engine.client.InspectContainer(engine.ctx, dockerContainerMD.DockerID,
						dockerclient.InspectContainerTimeout)
					if err != nil {
						return err
					}
					_, gotIPBridge = getContainerHostIP(inspectOutput.NetworkSettings)
					if gotIPBridge {
						dockerContainerMD.NetworkSettings = inspectOutput.NetworkSettings
						return nil
					}
				}
				return errors.New("Bridge IP not available to use for firelens")
			})
			if err != nil {
				logger.Error("Failed to start Firelens container", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
					field.Container: container.Name,
					field.Error:     err,
				})
				return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
					Error: dockerapi.CannotStartContainerError{FromError: err},
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if execcmd.IsExecEnabledContainer(container) {
		if ma, _ := container.GetManagedAgentByName(execcmd.ExecuteCommandAgentName); !ma.InitFailed {
			reason := "ExecuteCommandAgent started"
			if err := engine.execCmdMgr.StartAgent(engine.ctx, engine.client, task, container, dockerID); err != nil {
				reason = err.Error()
				logger.Error("Failed to start ExecCommandAgent Process for container", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
					field.Container: container.Name,
					field.Error:     err,
				})
			}

			engine.tasksLock.RLock()
			mTask, ok := engine.managedTasks[task.Arn]
			engine.tasksLock.RUnlock()
			// whether we started or failed to start, we'll want to emit a state change event
			// redundant state change events like RUNNING->RUNNING are allowed
			if ok {
				mTask.emitManagedAgentEvent(mTask.Task, container, execcmd.ExecuteCommandAgentName, reason)
			} else {
				logger.Error("Failed to update status of ExecCommandAgent Process for container", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
					field.Container: container.Name,
					field.Error:     "managed task not found",
				})
			}
		}
	}

	// On Windows, we need to invoke CNI plugins for all containers
	// invokePluginsForContainer will return nil for other platforms
	if dockerContainerMD.Error == nil && task.IsNetworkModeAWSVPC() && !container.IsInternal() {
		err := engine.invokePluginsForContainer(task, container)
		if err != nil {
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
				Error: ContainerNetworkingError{
					fromError: fmt.Errorf("startContainer: cni plugin invocation failed: %+v", err),
				},
			}
		}
	}

	if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() && task.IsNetworkModeBridge() && task.IsContainerServiceConnectPause(container.Name) {
		ipv4Addr, ipv6Addr := getBridgeModeContainerIP(dockerContainerMD.NetworkSettings)
		if ipv4Addr == "" && ipv6Addr == "" {
			return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
				Error: ContainerNetworkingError{
					fromError: fmt.Errorf("startContainer: failed to resolve container IP for SC bridge mode pause container"),
				},
			}
		}
		task.PopulateServiceConnectNetworkConfig(ipv4Addr, ipv6Addr)
	}

	return dockerContainerMD
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) provisionContainerResources(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	logger.Info("Setting up container resources for container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
	})
	if task.IsNetworkModeAWSVPC() {
		return engine.provisionContainerResourcesAwsvpc(task, container)
	} else if task.IsNetworkModeBridge() {
		return engine.provisionContainerResourcesBridgeMode(task, container)
	}
	return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{}
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) provisionContainerResourcesAwsvpc(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	containerInspectOutput, err := engine.inspectContainer(task, container)
	if err != nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			Error: ContainerNetworkingError{
				fromError: fmt.Errorf(
					"container resource provisioning: cannot setup task network namespace due to error inspecting pause container: %+v", err),
			},
		}
	}

	task.SetPausePIDInVolumeResources(strconv.Itoa(containerInspectOutput.State.Pid))

	cniConfig, err := engine.buildCNIConfigFromTaskContainerAwsvpc(task, containerInspectOutput, true)
	if err != nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			Error: ContainerNetworkingError{
				fromError: fmt.Errorf(
					"container resource provisioning: unable to build cni configuration, %+v", err),
			},
		}
	}

	logger.Info("Setting up CNI config for task", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:        task.GetID(),
		"cniContainerID":    cniConfig.ContainerID,
		"cniPluginPath":     cniConfig.PluginsPath,
		"cniID":             cniConfig.ID,
		"cniBridgeName":     cniConfig.BridgeName,
		"cniContainerNetNs": cniConfig.ContainerNetNS,
	})

	// Invoke the libcni to config the network namespace for the container
	result, err := engine.cniClient.SetupNS(engine.ctx, cniConfig, cniSetupTimeout)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Unable to configure pause container namespace", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
			field.Error:  err,
		})
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			DockerID: cniConfig.ContainerID,
			Error: ContainerNetworkingError{fmt.Errorf(
				"container resource provisioning: failed to setup network namespace: %+v", err)},
		}
	}

	if result == nil {
		logger.Error("Expect non-empty result from network namespace setup", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
		})
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			DockerID: cniConfig.ContainerID,
			Error: ContainerNetworkingError{fmt.Errorf(
				"container resource provisioning: empty result from network namespace setup")},
		}
	}

	// This is the IP of the task assigned on the bridge for IAM Task roles
	taskIP := result.IPs[0].Address.IP.String()
	logger.Info("Task associated with ip address", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
		"ip":         taskIP,
	})
	task.SetNetworkNamespace(cniConfig.ContainerNetNS)
	// Note: By default, the interface name is set to eth0 within the CNI configs. We can also always assume that the first entry of the CNI network config to be
	// the task ENI. Otherwise this means that there weren't any task ENIs passed down to agent from the task payload.
	if len(cniConfig.NetworkConfigs) > 0 {
		task.SetDefaultIfname(cniConfig.NetworkConfigs[0].IfName)
	}
	engine.state.AddTaskIPAddress(taskIP, task.Arn)
	task.SetLocalIPAddress(taskIP)
	engine.saveTaskData(task)

	// Invoke additional commands required to configure the task namespace routing.
	err = engine.namespaceHelper.ConfigureTaskNamespaceRouting(engine.ctx, task.GetPrimaryENI(), cniConfig, result)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Unable to configure pause container namespace", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
			field.Error:  err,
		})
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			DockerID: cniConfig.ContainerID,
			Error: ContainerNetworkingError{fmt.Errorf(
				"container resource provisioning: failed to setup network namespace: %+v", err)},
		}
	}

	return dockerapi.MetadataFromContainer(containerInspectOutput)
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) provisionContainerResourcesBridgeMode(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	if !task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() || container.Type != apicontainer.ContainerCNIPause {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			Error: ContainerNetworkingError{fromError: fmt.Errorf(
				"container resource provisioning bridge mode: cannot setup netns - only valid for SC-enabled task pause container"),
			},
		}
	}

	containerInspectOutput, err := engine.inspectContainer(task, container)
	if err != nil || containerInspectOutput == nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			Error: ContainerNetworkingError{fromError: fmt.Errorf(
				"container resource provisioning bridge mode: cannot setup netns - error inspecting container %s: %+v", container.Name, err),
			},
		}
	}

	cniConfig, err := engine.buildCNIConfigFromTaskContainerBridgeMode(task, containerInspectOutput, container.Name)
	if err != nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			Error: ContainerNetworkingError{fromError: fmt.Errorf(
				"container resource provisioning bridge mode: unable to build cni configuration for container %s: %+v", container.Name, err),
			},
		}
	}

	// Invoke the libcni to config the network namespace for the container
	_, err = engine.cniClient.SetupNS(engine.ctx, cniConfig, cniSetupTimeout)

	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Unable to configure pause container namespace", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.Error:     err,
		})
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			DockerID: cniConfig.ContainerID,
			Error:    ContainerNetworkingError{fmt.Errorf("container resource provisioning: failed to setup network namespace: %+v", err)},
		}
	}

	logger.Info("Successfully configured pause netns", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
	})
	return dockerapi.MetadataFromContainer(containerInspectOutput)
}

// checkTearDownPauseContainer idempotently tears down the pause container network when the pause container's known
// or desired status is stopped.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) checkTearDownPauseContainer(task *apitask.Task) {
	if !task.IsNetworkModeAWSVPC() || (task.IsNetworkModeBridge() && !task.IsServiceConnectEnabled()) {
		return
	}
	for _, container := range task.Containers {
		// Cleanup the pause container network namespace before stop the container
		if container.Type == apicontainer.ContainerCNIPause {
			// Clean up if the pause container has stopped or will stop
			if container.KnownTerminal() || container.DesiredTerminal() {
				err := engine.cleanupPauseContainerNetwork(task, container)
				if err != nil {
					logger.Error("Unable to cleanup pause container network namespace", logger.Fields{
						field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
						field.Error:  err,
					})
				}
			}
			return
		}
	}
}

// cleanupPauseContainerNetwork will clean up the network namespace of pause container
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) cleanupPauseContainerNetwork(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) error {
	// This operation is idempotent
	if container.IsContainerTornDown() {
		return nil
	}
	delay := time.Duration(engine.cfg.ENIPauseContainerCleanupDelaySeconds) * time.Second
	if engine.handleDelay != nil && delay > 0 {
		logger.Info("Waiting before cleaning up pause container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			"wait":          delay.String(),
		})
		engine.handleDelay(delay)
	}
	containerInspectOutput, err := engine.inspectContainer(task, container)
	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrap(err, "engine: cannot cleanup task network namespace due to error inspecting pause container")
	}

	logger.Info("Cleaning up the network namespace", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
	})

	var cniConfig *ecscni.Config
	if task.IsNetworkModeAWSVPC() {
		cniConfig, err = engine.buildCNIConfigFromTaskContainerAwsvpc(task, containerInspectOutput, false)
	} else if task.IsNetworkModeBridge() && task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() {
		cniConfig, err = engine.buildCNIConfigFromTaskContainerBridgeMode(task, containerInspectOutput, container.Name)
	} else {
		return nil
	}

	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrapf(err,
			"engine: failed cleanup task network namespace, task: %s", task.String())
	}

	err = engine.cniClient.CleanupNS(engine.ctx, cniConfig, cniCleanupTimeout)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	container.SetContainerTornDown(true)
	logger.Info("Cleaned pause container network namespace", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
	})
	return nil
}

// buildCNIConfigFromTaskContainerAwsvpc builds a CNI config for the task and container in AWSVPC mode.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) buildCNIConfigFromTaskContainerAwsvpc(
	task *apitask.Task,
	containerInspectOutput *types.ContainerJSON,
	includeIPAMConfig bool) (*ecscni.Config, error) {
	cniConfig := &ecscni.Config{
		BlockInstanceMetadata:    engine.cfg.AWSVPCBlockInstanceMetdata.Enabled(),
		MinSupportedCNIVersion:   config.DefaultMinSupportedCNIVersion,
		InstanceENIDNSServerList: engine.cfg.InstanceENIDNSServerList,
	}
	if engine.cfg.OverrideAWSVPCLocalIPv4Address != nil &&
		len(engine.cfg.OverrideAWSVPCLocalIPv4Address.IP) != 0 &&
		len(engine.cfg.OverrideAWSVPCLocalIPv4Address.Mask) != 0 {
		cniConfig.IPAMV4Address = engine.cfg.OverrideAWSVPCLocalIPv4Address
	}
	if len(engine.cfg.AWSVPCAdditionalLocalRoutes) != 0 {
		cniConfig.AdditionalLocalRoutes = engine.cfg.AWSVPCAdditionalLocalRoutes
	}

	cniConfig.ContainerPID = strconv.Itoa(containerInspectOutput.State.Pid)
	cniConfig.ContainerID = containerInspectOutput.ID
	cniConfig.ContainerNetNS = ""

	// For pause containers, NetNS would be none
	// For other containers, NetNS would be of format container:<pause_container_ID>
	if containerInspectOutput.HostConfig.NetworkMode.IsNone() {
		cniConfig.ContainerNetNS = containerInspectOutput.HostConfig.NetworkMode.NetworkName()
	} else if containerInspectOutput.HostConfig.NetworkMode.IsContainer() {
		cniConfig.ContainerNetNS = fmt.Sprintf("container:%s", containerInspectOutput.HostConfig.NetworkMode.ConnectedContainer())
	} else {
		return nil, errors.New("engine: failed to build cni configuration from the task due to invalid container network namespace")
	}

	cniConfig, err := task.BuildCNIConfigAwsvpc(includeIPAMConfig, cniConfig)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "engine: failed to build cni configuration from task")
	}

	return cniConfig, nil
}

// buildCNIConfigFromTaskContainerBridgeMode builds a CNI config for the task and container in docker bridge mode.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) buildCNIConfigFromTaskContainerBridgeMode(
	task *apitask.Task, containerInspectOutput *types.ContainerJSON, containerName string) (*ecscni.Config, error) {

	containerPid := strconv.Itoa(containerInspectOutput.State.Pid)
	cniConfig := &ecscni.Config{
		MinSupportedCNIVersion: config.DefaultMinSupportedCNIVersion,
		ContainerPID:           containerPid,
		ContainerID:            containerInspectOutput.ID,
	}
	cniConfig, err := task.BuildCNIConfigBridgeMode(cniConfig, containerName)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "engine: failed to build cni configuration from task")
	}

	return cniConfig, nil
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) inspectContainer(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) (*types.ContainerJSON, error) {
	dockerID, err := engine.getDockerID(task, container)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return engine.client.InspectContainer(engine.ctx, dockerID, dockerclient.InspectContainerTimeout)
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) stopContainer(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	// Before attempting to stop any container, send drain signal for Appnet Agent to start draining connections
	// (if not already in progress).
	if task.IsServiceConnectEnabled() && !task.IsServiceConnectConnectionDraining() {
		serviceConnectConfig := task.GetServiceConnectRuntimeConfig()
		adminSocketPath := serviceConnectConfig.AdminSocketPath
		drainRequest := serviceConnectConfig.DrainRequest
		if err := engine.appnetClient.DrainInboundConnections(adminSocketPath, drainRequest); err != nil {
			logger.Error("Error sending drain signal to Appnet Agent", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
				field.Error:  err,
			})
		} else {
			task.SetServiceConnectConnectionDraining(true)
			logger.Debug("Successfully sent drain signal to Appnet Agent", logger.Fields{
				field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
			})
		}
	}

	logger.Info("Stopping container", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
		field.Container: container.Name,
	})
	dockerID, err := engine.getDockerID(task, container)
	if err != nil {
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{
			Error: dockerapi.CannotStopContainerError{
				FromError: err,
			},
		}
	}

	// Cleanup the pause container network namespace before stop the container
	if container.Type == apicontainer.ContainerCNIPause {
		if task.IsNetworkModeAWSVPC() || (task.IsNetworkModeBridge() && task.IsServiceConnectEnabled()) {
			err := engine.cleanupPauseContainerNetwork(task, container)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Error("Unable to cleanup pause container network namespace", logger.Fields{
					field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
					field.Container: container.Name,
					field.Error:     err,
				})
			}
		}
	}

	apiTimeoutStopContainer := container.GetStopTimeout()
	if apiTimeoutStopContainer <= 0 {
		apiTimeoutStopContainer = engine.cfg.DockerStopTimeout
	}

	return engine.stopDockerContainer(dockerID, container.Name, apiTimeoutStopContainer)
}

// stopDockerContainer attempts to stop the container, retrying only in case of time out errors.
// If the maximum number of retries is reached, the container is marked as stopped. This is because docker sometimes
// deadlocks when trying to stop a container but the actual container process is stopped.
// for more information, see: https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/41587
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) stopDockerContainer(dockerID, containerName string, apiTimeoutStopContainer time.Duration) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	var md dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata
	backoff := newExponentialBackoff(engine.stopContainerBackoffMin, engine.stopContainerBackoffMax, stopContainerBackoffJitter, stopContainerBackoffMultiplier)
	for i := 0; i < stopContainerMaxRetryCount; i++ {
		md = engine.client.StopContainer(engine.ctx, dockerID, apiTimeoutStopContainer)
		if md.Error == nil {
			return md
		}
		cannotStopContainerError, ok := md.Error.(cannotStopContainerError)
		if ok && !cannotStopContainerError.IsRetriableError() {
			return md
		}

		if i < stopContainerMaxRetryCount-1 {
			retryIn := backoff.Duration()
			logger.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("Error stopping container, retrying in %v", retryIn), logger.Fields{
				field.Container: containerName,
				field.RuntimeID: dockerID,
				field.Error:     md.Error,
				"attempt":       i + 1,
			})
			time.Sleep(retryIn)
		}
	}
	return md
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) removeContainer(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) error {
	logger.Info("Removing container", container.Fields(), logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID: task.GetID(),
	})
	dockerID, err := engine.getDockerID(task, container)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return engine.client.RemoveContainer(engine.ctx, dockerID, dockerclient.RemoveContainerTimeout)
}

// updateTaskDesiredStatusUnsafe determines if a new transition needs to be applied to the
// referenced task, and if needed applies it. It should not be called anywhere
// but from 'UpsertTask' and is protected by the tasksLock lock there.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) updateTaskDesiredStatusUnsafe(task *apitask.Task,
	updateDesiredStatus apitaskstatus.TaskStatus) {
	managedTask, ok := engine.managedTasks[task.Arn]
	if !ok {
		logger.Critical("ACS message for a task we thought we managed, but don't! Aborting.", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskARN: task.Arn,
		})
		return
	}
	// Keep the lock because sequence numbers cannot be correct unless they are
	// also read in the order AddTask was called
	// This does block the engine's ability to ingest any new events (including
	// stops for past tasks, ack!), but this is necessary for correctness
	logger.Debug("Putting update on the acs channel", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:        task.GetID(),
		field.DesiredStatus: updateDesiredStatus.String(),
	})
	managedTask.emitACSTransition(acsTransition{
		desiredStatus: updateDesiredStatus,
	})
	logger.Debug("Update taken off the acs channel", logger.Fields{
		field.TaskID:        task.GetID(),
		field.DesiredStatus: updateDesiredStatus.String(),
	})
}

// transitionContainer calls applyContainerState, and then notifies the managed
// task of the change. transitionContainer is called by progressTask and
// by handleStoppedToRunningContainerTransition.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) transitionContainer(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container, to apicontainerstatus.ContainerStatus) {
	// Let docker events operate async so that we can continue to handle ACS / other requests
	// This is safe because 'applyContainerState' will not mutate the task
	metadata := engine.applyContainerState(task, container, to)

	engine.tasksLock.RLock()
	managedTask, ok := engine.managedTasks[task.Arn]
	engine.tasksLock.RUnlock()
	if ok {
		managedTask.emitDockerContainerChange(dockerContainerChange{
			container: container,
			event: dockerapi.DockerContainerChangeEvent{
				Status:                  to,
				DockerContainerMetadata: metadata,
			},
		})
	}
}

// applyContainerState moves the container to the given state by calling the
// function defined in the transitionFunctionMap for the state
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) applyContainerState(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container, nextState apicontainerstatus.ContainerStatus) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata {
	transitionFunction, ok := engine.transitionFunctionMap()[nextState]
	if !ok {
		logger.Critical("Unsupported desired state transition for container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			"nextState":     nextState.String(),
		})
		return dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata{Error: &impossibleTransitionError{nextState}}
	}
	metadata := transitionFunction(task, container)
	if metadata.Error != nil {
		logger.Error("Error transitioning container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.RuntimeID: container.GetRuntimeID(),
			"nextState":     nextState.String(),
			field.Error:     metadata.Error,
		})
	} else {
		logger.Debug("Transitioned container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: container.Name,
			field.RuntimeID: container.GetRuntimeID(),
			"nextState":     nextState.String(),
			field.Error:     metadata.Error,
		})
	}
	return metadata
}

// transitionFunctionMap provides the logic for the simple state machine of the
// DockerTaskEngine. Each desired state maps to a function that can be called
// to try and move the task to that desired state.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) transitionFunctionMap() map[apicontainerstatus.ContainerStatus]transitionApplyFunc {
	return engine.containerStatusToTransitionFunction
}

type transitionApplyFunc func(*apitask.Task, *apicontainer.Container) dockerapi.DockerContainerMetadata

// State is a function primarily meant for testing usage; it is explicitly not
// part of the TaskEngine interface and should not be relied upon.
// It returns an internal representation of the state of this DockerTaskEngine.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) State() dockerstate.TaskEngineState {
	return engine.state
}

// Version returns the underlying docker version.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) Version() (string, error) {
	return engine.client.Version(engine.ctx, dockerclient.VersionTimeout)
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) updateMetadataFile(task *apitask.Task, cont *apicontainer.DockerContainer) {
	err := engine.metadataManager.Update(engine.ctx, cont.DockerID, task, cont.Container.Name)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Failed to update metadata file for container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: cont.Container.Name,
			field.Error:     err,
		})
	} else {
		cont.Container.SetMetadataFileUpdated()
		logger.Debug("Updated metadata file for container", logger.Fields{
			field.TaskID:    task.GetID(),
			field.Container: cont.Container.Name,
		})
	}
}

func getContainerHostIP(networkSettings *types.NetworkSettings) (string, bool) {
	if networkSettings == nil {
		return "", false
	} else if networkSettings.IPAddress != "" {
		return networkSettings.IPAddress, true
	} else if len(networkSettings.Networks) > 0 {
		for mode, network := range networkSettings.Networks {
			if mode == apitask.BridgeNetworkMode && network.IPAddress != "" {
				return network.IPAddress, true
			}
		}
	}
	return "", false
}

func getBridgeModeContainerIP(networkSettings *types.NetworkSettings) (string, string) {
	if networkSettings != nil &&
		networkSettings.Networks != nil &&
		networkSettings.Networks[apitask.BridgeNetworkMode] != nil {
		return networkSettings.Networks[apitask.BridgeNetworkMode].IPAddress,
			networkSettings.Networks[apitask.BridgeNetworkMode].GlobalIPv6Address
	}
	return "", ""
}

func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) getDockerID(task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container) (string, error) {
	runtimeID := container.GetRuntimeID()
	if runtimeID != "" {
		return runtimeID, nil
	}
	containerMap, ok := engine.state.ContainerMapByArn(task.Arn)
	if !ok {
		return "", errors.Errorf("container name=%s belongs to unrecognized task taskArn=%s", container.Name, task.Arn)
	}

	dockerContainer, ok := containerMap[container.Name]
	if !ok {
		return "", errors.Errorf("container name=%s not recognized by agent", container.Name)
	}

	if dockerContainer.DockerID == "" {
		return dockerContainer.DockerName, nil
	}
	return dockerContainer.DockerID, nil
}

// Sets CloudWatch Logs dual stack endpoint as "awslogs-endpoint" option in the logging config.
// This is needed because awslogs driver that we consume from Docker does not support
// an option to enable dual stack endpoints, so customers have no way to enable dual stack endpoints
// that are needed in an IPv6-only environment.
func (engine *DockerTaskEngine) setAWSLogsDualStackEndpoint(
	task *apitask.Task, container *apicontainer.Container, hostConfig *dockercontainer.HostConfig,
) {
	// Helper function to populate common logger.Fields
	withAdditionalLoggerFields := func(additionalFields logger.Fields) logger.Fields {
		fields := logger.Fields{field.TaskARN: task.Arn, field.ContainerName: container.Name}
		for k, v := range additionalFields {
			fields[k] = v
		}
		return fields
	}

	// Do nothing if endpoint is already set
	if hostConfig.LogConfig.Config[awsLogsEndpointKey] != "" {
		logger.Info(
			fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s is already set in awslogs config, skip resolving dual stack CloudWatch Logs endpoint",
				awsLogsEndpointKey),
			withAdditionalLoggerFields(logger.Fields{}),
		)
		return
	}

	// Region is required to resolve endpoint
	region := hostConfig.LogConfig.Config[awsLogsRegionKey]
	if region == "" {
		logger.Warn(
			fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s not found in awslogs config, skip resolving dual stack CloudWatch Logs endpoint",
				awsLogsRegionKey),
			withAdditionalLoggerFields(logger.Fields{}),
		)
		return
	}

	// Docker versions older than 18.09.0 do not support awslogs-endpoint
	// option. So, skip endpoint resolution for those Docker versions.
	dockerVersion, err := engine.Version()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Failed to get Docker engine version. Skip resolving dual stack CloudWatch Logs endpoint.",
			withAdditionalLoggerFields(logger.Fields{field.Error: err}))
		return
	}
	const thresholdVersion = "18.09.0"
	dockerVersionIsCompatible, err := utils.Version(dockerVersion).Matches(">=" + thresholdVersion)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("Failed to determine if docker version is high enough",
			withAdditionalLoggerFields(logger.Fields{
				field.Error:         err,
				field.DockerVersion: dockerVersion,
				"thresholdVersion":  thresholdVersion,
			}))
		return
	}
	if !dockerVersionIsCompatible {
		logger.Warn(
			fmt.Sprintf(
				"Docker version does not support %s option. Skip resolving dual stack CloudWatch Logs endpoint.",
				awsLogsEndpointKey),
			withAdditionalLoggerFields(logger.Fields{
				field.DockerVersion: dockerVersion,
				"thresholdVersion":  thresholdVersion,
			}),
		)
		return
	}

	// Resolve the endpoint
	endpoint, err := getAWSLogsDualStackEndpoint(region)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error(
			"Failed to get CloudWatch Logs dual stack endpoint. Skipping setting it.",
			withAdditionalLoggerFields(logger.Fields{field.Region: region, field.Error: err}))
		return
	}

	logger.Info("Resolved CloudWatch Logs dual stack endpoint",
		withAdditionalLoggerFields(logger.Fields{
			field.Endpoint: endpoint,
			field.Region:   region,
		}))
	hostConfig.LogConfig.Config[awsLogsEndpointKey] = endpoint
}

// Returns CloudWatch Logs dual stack endpoint for the given region.
func getAWSLogsDualStackEndpoint(region string) (string, error) {
	endpoint, err := cloudwatchlogs.NewDefaultEndpointResolverV2().ResolveEndpoint(context.TODO(),
		cloudwatchlogs.EndpointParameters{
			UseDualStack: ptr.Bool(true),
			Region:       ptr.String(region),
		})
	if err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve dual stack CloudWatch Logs endpoint for region '%s': %w", region, err)
	}
	return endpoint.URI.String(), nil
}