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(logo whooshes)

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- How to batch inputs together.

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In this video, we'll see

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how to batch input sequences together.

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In general, the sentences we want to pass

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through our model won't
all have the same lengths.

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Here, we are using the model we saw

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in the sentiment analysis pipeline

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and want to classify two sentences.

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When tokenizing them
and mapping each token

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to its corresponding input IDs,

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we get two lists of different lengths.

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Trying to create a tensor and NumPy array

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from those two lists
will result in an error

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because all arrays and
tensors should be rectangular.

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One way to overcome this limit

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is to make the second sentence
the same length as the first

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by adding a special token
as many times as necessary.

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Another way would be to
truncate the first sequence

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to the length of the second,
but we would then lose a lot

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of information that may be necessary

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to properly classify the sentence.

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In general, we only truncate
sentences when they are longer

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than the maximum length
the model can handle.

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The value used to pad the second sentence

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should not be picked randomly.

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The model has been pretrained
with a certain padding ID,

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which you can find in
tokenizer.pad_token_id.

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Now that we have padded our sentences,

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we can make a batch with them.

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If we pass the two sentences
to the model separately

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or batched together, however, we notice

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that we don't get the same results

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for the sentence that is padded.

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Here, the second one.

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Expect the word in the
transformer library?

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No.

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If you remember that Transformer
models make heavy use

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of attention layers, it should
not come as a total surprise.

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When computing the contextual
representation of each token,

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the attention layers look
at all the other words

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in the sentence.

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If we have just a sentence

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or the sentence with several
padding tokens added,

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it's logical we don't get the same values.

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To get the same results
with or without padding,

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we need to indicate to
the attention layers

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that they should ignore
those padding tokens.

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This is done by creating
an attention mask,

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a tensor with the same
shape as the input IDs

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with zeros and ones.

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Ones indicate the tokens
the attention layers

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should consider in the context,

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and zeros, the tokens they should ignore.

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Now, passing this attention mask

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along with the input IDs
will give us the same results

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as when we sent the two sentences
individually to the model.

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This is all done behind
the scenes by the tokenizer

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when you apply it to several sentences

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with the flag padding equals true.

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It will apply the padding

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with the proper value
to the smaller sentences

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and create the appropriate attention mask.