Places in code with 6 or more lines that are exactly the same.
Intro
- For duplication, we look at places in code where there are 6 or more lines of code that are exactly the same.
- Before duplication is calculated, the code is cleaned to remove empty lines, comments, and frequently duplicated constructs such as imports.
- You should aim at having as little as possible (<5%) of duplicated code as high-level of duplication can lead to maintenance difficulties, poor factoring, and logical contradictions.
- To learn more about duplications and techniques for eliminating duplication, Sokrates recommends the following resources:
- Avoid Repetition, MartinFlower.com (IEEE Software article)
- Refactoring duplicated code, sourcemaking.com
- Beck Design Rules, MartinFowler.com
- DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) Principle, Wikipedia
- The Cut-and-Paste Programming Software Development Anti-Pattern, sourcemaking.com
- Code Smells / Duplicated Code, Jeff Atwood, codinghorror.com:
- "Duplicated code is the bane of software development. Stamp out duplication whenever possible. You should always be on the lookout for more subtle cases of near-duplication, too. Don't Repeat Yourself!"
- Reducing Coupling, MartinFlower.com (IEEE Software article):
- "There are several ways to describe coupling, but it boils down to this: If changing one module in a program requires changing another module, then coupling exists. ... Duplication always implies coupling, because changing one piece of duplicate code implies changing the other."
Duplication Overall
- 12% duplication:
- 411,688 cleaned lines of cleaned code (without empty lines, comments, and frequently duplicated constructs such as imports)
- 51,095 duplicated lines
- 21,282 duplicates
Duplication per Extension
Duplication per Component (primary)
Duplication Between Components (50+ lines)
Open 3D force graph...
Show more details on duplication between components...
From Component
--> To Component
Duplicated
Lines
File Pairs
Details
lib (<1%)
--> perf (<1%)
679
9 file pairs
details...
lib (<1%)
--> testing (<1%)
142
3 file pairs
details...
bpf (<1%)
--> testing (<1%)
142
3 file pairs
details...
bpf (<1%)
--> lib (<1%)
132
1 file pair
details...
include (<1%)
--> testing (<1%)
93
5 file pairs
details...
power (<1%)
--> testing (<1%)
64
4 file pairs
details...
bpf (<1%)
--> perf (<1%)
59
5 file pairs
details...
| From Component --> To Component |
Duplicated Lines |
File Pairs | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| lib (<1%) --> perf (<1%) |
679 | 9 file pairs | details... |
| lib (<1%) --> testing (<1%) |
142 | 3 file pairs | details... |
| bpf (<1%) --> testing (<1%) |
142 | 3 file pairs | details... |
| bpf (<1%) --> lib (<1%) |
132 | 1 file pair | details... |
| include (<1%) --> testing (<1%) |
93 | 5 file pairs | details... |
| power (<1%) --> testing (<1%) |
64 | 4 file pairs | details... |
| bpf (<1%) --> perf (<1%) |
59 | 5 file pairs | details... |
Longest Duplicates
The list of 50 longest duplicates.
| Size | # | Folders | Files | Lines | Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 159 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 16:214 (19%)14:212 (19%) | view | |
| 157 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 18:214 (19%)18:214 (19%) | view | |
| 157 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 18:214 (19%)16:212 (19%) | view | |
| 156 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 23:217 (19%)20:214 (19%) | view | |
| 156 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 23:217 (19%)20:214 (19%) | view | |
| 156 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 23:217 (19%)18:212 (19%) | view | |
| 142 | x 2 | lib/bpfperf/util | 24:239 (100%)24:239 (100%) | view | |
| 89 | x 2 | lib/bpfperf/util | 15:193 (100%)15:193 (100%) | view | |
| 81 | x 2 | usb/ffs-aio-example/multibuff/device_appusb/ffs-aio-example/simple/device_app | 56:139 (33%)54:137 (34%) | view | |
| 73 | x 2 | usb/ffs-aio-example/multibuff/host_appusb/ffs-aio-example/simple/host_app | 48:158 (85%)48:158 (82%) | view | |
| 63 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 667:742 (7%)669:744 (7%) | view | |
| 62 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 659:733 (7%)669:743 (7%) | view | |
| 62 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 659:733 (7%)669:743 (7%) | view | |
| 62 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 615:688 (10%)737:810 (10%) | view | |
| 62 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 659:733 (7%)667:741 (7%) | view | |
| 62 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 659:733 (7%)659:733 (7%) | view | |
| 62 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 659:733 (7%)667:741 (7%) | view | |
| 62 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 623:696 (10%)748:821 (10%) | view | |
| 58 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/progstesting/selftests/bpf/progs | 26:97 (58%)32:103 (53%) | view | |
| 54 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 1112:1174 (5%)1225:1287 (5%) | view | |
| 52 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 845:908 (6%)845:908 (6%) | view | |
| 49 | x 2 | testing/selftests/arm64/fptesting/selftests/arm64/fp | 151:210 (18%)303:362 (11%) | view | |
| 48 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/prog_teststesting/selftests/bpf/prog_tests | 233:293 (8%)587:647 (8%) | view | |
| 47 | x 2 | perf/scripts/pythonperf/scripts/python | 496:547 (5%)334:385 (7%) | view | |
| 44 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/prog_teststesting/selftests/bpf/prog_tests | 36:98 (58%)78:140 (43%) | view | |
| 43 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 736:787 (5%)745:796 (5%) | view | |
| 43 | x 2 | testing/ktesttesting/ktest | 256:315 (8%)3158:3217 (1%) | view | |
| 43 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 736:787 (5%)736:787 (5%) | view | |
| 43 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 736:787 (5%)745:796 (5%) | view | |
| 43 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 736:787 (5%)747:798 (5%) | view | |
| 43 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 736:787 (5%)747:798 (5%) | view | |
| 43 | x 2 | power/cpupower/popower/cpupower/po | 745:796 (5%)747:798 (5%) | view | |
| 42 | x 2 | testing/selftests/timenstesting/selftests/timens | 66:125 (56%)73:132 (53%) | view | |
| 41 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/verifiertesting/selftests/bpf/verifier | 1258:1317 (2%)1330:1389 (2%) | view | |
| 38 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/verifiertesting/selftests/bpf/verifier | 1471:1524 (2%)1540:1593 (2%) | view | |
| 38 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/prog_teststesting/selftests/bpf/prog_tests | 4783:4840 (<1%)4848:4907 (<1%) | view | |
| 37 | x 2 | testing/selftests/arm64/fptesting/selftests/arm64/fp | 213:259 (14%)365:411 (8%) | view | |
| 37 | x 2 | testing/selftests/net/mptcptesting/selftests/net/mptcp | 108:162 (10%)156:210 (7%) | view | |
| 35 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 377:419 (6%)451:493 (6%) | view | |
| 35 | x 2 | testing/selftests/net/mptcptesting/selftests/net/mptcp | 51:106 (9%)99:154 (7%) | view | |
| 35 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 578:621 (6%)702:745 (6%) | view | |
| 35 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 376:418 (6%)452:494 (6%) | view | |
| 35 | x 2 | testing/selftests/nettesting/selftests/net | 32:77 (21%)28:73 (20%) | view | |
| 34 | x 2 | power/cpupower/libpower/cpupower/lib | 346:388 (6%)402:444 (6%) | view | |
| 34 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 1069:1111 (3%)1181:1223 (3%) | view | |
| 33 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/prog_teststesting/selftests/bpf/prog_tests | 328:372 (5%)416:460 (5%) | view | |
| 33 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/progstesting/selftests/bpf/progs | 8:71 (20%)8:71 (18%) | view | |
| 32 | x 2 | power/cpupower/libpower/cpupower/utils/helpers | 87:130 (15%)158:201 (13%) | view | |
| 32 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/verifiertesting/selftests/bpf/verifier | 3:39 (17%)63:99 (17%) | view | |
| 32 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 573:613 (5%)694:734 (5%) | view |
Duplicated Units
The list of top 50 duplicated units.
| Size | # | Folders | Files | Lines | Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68 | x 2 | usb/ffs-aio-example/simple/host_appusb/ffs-aio-example/multibuff/host_app | 59:139 59:139 | view | |
| 58 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 173:235 751:813 | view | |
| 51 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 113:167 691:745 | view | |
| 42 | x 2 | testing/selftests/timenstesting/selftests/timens | 71:126 78:133 | view | |
| 42 | x 2 | lib/bpfperf/util | 154:204 154:204 | view | |
| 39 | x 2 | testing/selftests/rseqtesting/selftests/rseq | 237:280 815:858 | view | |
| 36 | x 2 | testing/selftests/nettesting/selftests/net | 30:71 34:75 | view | |
| 33 | x 2 | testing/ktesttesting/ktest | 110:145 597:632 | view | |
| 30 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/progstesting/selftests/bpf/progs | 32:64 26:58 | view | |
| 29 | x 2 | power/cpupower/utils/helperspower/cpupower/lib | 47:87 67:107 | view | |
| 29 | x 2 | testing/selftests/kvm/include/x86_64testing/selftests/kvm/include/x86_64 | 1033:1064 1069:1100 | view | |
| 25 | x 2 | testing/selftests/nettesting/selftests/net | 281:307 294:320 | view | |
| 25 | x 2 | bpf/bpftoolbpf/bpftool | 189:217 219:247 | view | |
| 23 | x 2 | testing/selftests/net/mptcptesting/selftests/net/mptcp | 182:211 134:163 | view | |
| 22 | x 2 | lib/bpfperf/util | 101:128 101:128 | view | |
| 22 | x 2 | perf/util/scripting-enginesperf/util/scripting-engines | 76:102 134:160 | view | |
| 21 | x 2 | usb/ffs-aio-example/simple/device_appusb/ffs-aio-example/multibuff/device_app | 141:162 153:174 | view | |
| 21 | x 2 | bpf/bpftoolbpf/bpftool | 163:187 249:273 | view | |
| 20 | x 2 | power/cpupower/utils/helperspower/cpupower/lib | 157:182 86:111 | view | |
| 20 | x 2 | testing/selftests/nettesting/selftests/net | 61:82 115:136 | view | |
| 19 | x 2 | lib/subcmdperf/util | 84:104 8:28 | view | |
| 19 | x 2 | lib/bpfperf/util | 130:152 130:152 | view | |
| 19 | x 2 | perf/arch/powerpc/utilperf/arch/arm64/util | 90:114 57:81 | view | |
| 18 | x 2 | power/cpupower/utils/helperspower/cpupower/lib | 354:376 284:306 | view | |
| 17 | x 2 | testing/selftests/vmtesting/selftests/memfd | 1559:1578 19:38 | view | |
| 17 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/progstesting/selftests/bpf/progs | 66:85 60:79 | view | |
| 16 | x 2 | lib/bpfperf/util | 220:240 220:240 | view | |
| 16 | x 5 | build/featurebuild/featurebuild/featurebuild/featurebuild/feature | 5:28 5:28 5:27 5:28 5:28 | view | |
| 15 | x 2 | power/cpupower/utils/helperstesting/selftests/vm | 18:37 121:140 | view | |
| 15 | x 2 | power/cpupower/libpower/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy | 17:36 727:746 | view | |
| 15 | x 2 | testing/selftests/powerpc/pmutesting/selftests/powerpc/pmu | 79:97 74:92 | view | |
| 15 | x 2 | testing/selftests/ueventtesting/selftests/filesystems | 54:74 62:80 | view | |
| 15 | x 2 | testing/selftests/vmtesting/selftests/vm | 25:44 208:227 | view | |
| 14 | x 2 | testing/selftests/nettesting/selftests/net | 319:335 528:544 | view | |
| 14 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/progstesting/selftests/bpf/progs | 87:104 81:98 | view | |
| 14 | x 2 | perf/benchperf/bench | 97:116 123:142 | view | |
| 13 | x 2 | testing/selftests/net/mptcptesting/selftests/net/mptcp | 671:685 548:562 | view | |
| 13 | x 2 | testing/selftests/clone3testing/selftests/pidfd | 27:44 71:88 | view | |
| 13 | x 2 | testing/selftests/membarriertesting/selftests/membarrier | 119:134 176:191 | view | |
| 12 | x 2 | testing/selftests/powerpc/ptracetesting/selftests/powerpc/ptrace | 39:53 56:70 | view | |
| 12 | x 2 | testing/ktesttesting/ktest | 274:290 3176:3192 | view | |
| 12 | x 2 | perf/utilperf/util | 996:1009 3273:3286 | view | |
| 12 | x 2 | perf/arch/x86/utilperf/arch/x86/util | 1103:1118 347:362 | view | |
| 12 | x 2 | perf/scripts/pythonperf/scripts/python | 0:0 0:0 | view | |
| 12 | x 5 | perf/scripts/perlperf/scripts/perlperf/scripts/perlperf/scripts/perlperf/scripts/perl | 81:96 84:99 180:195 75:90 161:176 | view | |
| 11 | x 2 | power/cpupower/utils/helperspower/cpupower/lib | 103:116 29:42 | view | |
| 11 | x 3 | testing/selftests/net/mptcptesting/selftests/net/mptcptesting/selftests/net/mptcp | 121:134 73:86 165:178 | view | |
| 11 | x 2 | testing/selftests/net/mptcptesting/selftests/net/mptcp | 520:534 1010:1024 | view | |
| 11 | x 2 | testing/selftests/x86testing/selftests/x86 | 55:66 55:66 | view | |
| 11 | x 2 | testing/selftests/bpf/prog_teststesting/selftests/bpf/prog_tests | 166:181 9:24 | view |