sql/item_subselect.cc

/* Copyright (c) 2002, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2.0,
   as published by the Free Software Foundation.

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   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License, version 2.0, for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301  USA */

/**
  @file

  @brief
  Implements the subselect Item, used when there is a subselect in a
  SELECT list, WHERE, etc.
*/

#include "sql/item_subselect.h"

#include <climits>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <utility>

#include "decimal.h"
#include "lex_string.h"
#include "my_alloc.h"
#include "my_base.h"
#include "my_compiler.h"
#include "my_dbug.h"
#include "my_pointer_arithmetic.h"
#include "my_sys.h"
#include "mysql/strings/m_ctype.h"
#include "mysql_com.h"
#include "mysqld_error.h"
#include "scope_guard.h"
#include "sql-common/my_decimal.h"
#include "sql/check_stack.h"
#include "sql/current_thd.h"  // current_thd
#include "sql/debug_sync.h"   // DEBUG_SYNC
#include "sql/derror.h"       // ER_THD
#include "sql/field.h"
#include "sql/handler.h"
#include "sql/item_cmpfunc.h"
#include "sql/item_func.h"
#include "sql/item_sum.h"                       // Item_sum_max
#include "sql/iterators/basic_row_iterators.h"  // ZeroRowsIterator
#include "sql/iterators/composite_iterators.h"  // FilterIterator
#include "sql/iterators/ref_row_iterators.h"
#include "sql/iterators/row_iterator.h"  // RowIterator
#include "sql/iterators/timing_iterator.h"
#include "sql/join_optimizer/access_path.h"
#include "sql/join_optimizer/cost_model.h"
#include "sql/join_optimizer/join_optimizer.h"
#include "sql/key.h"
#include "sql/mysqld.h"  // in_left_expr_name
#include "sql/opt_explain_format.h"
#include "sql/opt_trace.h"  // OPT_TRACE_TRANSFORM
#include "sql/opt_trace_context.h"
#include "sql/parse_tree_nodes.h"  // PT_subquery
#include "sql/query_options.h"
#include "sql/query_result.h"
#include "sql/sql_class.h"  // THD
#include "sql/sql_const.h"
#include "sql/sql_error.h"
#include "sql/sql_executor.h"
#include "sql/sql_lex.h"  // Query_block
#include "sql/sql_list.h"
#include "sql/sql_opt_exec_shared.h"
#include "sql/sql_optimizer.h"  // JOIN
#include "sql/sql_select.h"
#include "sql/sql_test.h"       // print_where
#include "sql/sql_tmp_table.h"  // free_tmp_table
#include "sql/sql_union.h"      // Query_result_union
#include "sql/system_variables.h"
#include "sql/table.h"
#include "sql/temp_table_param.h"
#include "sql/thd_raii.h"
#include "sql/window.h"
#include "sql_string.h"
#include "string_with_len.h"
#include "template_utils.h"

class Json_wrapper;

static const enum_walk walk_options =
    enum_walk::PREFIX | enum_walk::POSTFIX | enum_walk::SUBQUERY;

/// Query result class for scalar and row subqueries
class Query_result_scalar_subquery : public Query_result_subquery {
 public:
  explicit Query_result_scalar_subquery(Item_subselect *item_arg)
      : Query_result_subquery(item_arg) {}
  bool send_data(THD *thd, const mem_root_deque<Item *> &items) override;
};

/**
  Check if a query block is guaranteed to return one row. We know that
  this is the case if it has no tables and is not filtered with WHERE,
  HAVING, QUALIFY or LIMIT/OFFSET clauses. Also, it should not use non-primitive
  grouping (such as ROLLUP), as that may increase the number of rows.

  @param qb  the Query_block to check

  @returns true if we are certain that the query block always returns
           one row, false otherwise
*/
static bool guaranteed_one_row(const Query_block *qb) {
  return !qb->has_tables() && qb->where_cond() == nullptr &&
         qb->having_cond() == nullptr && qb->qualify_cond() == nullptr &&
         qb->olap == UNSPECIFIED_OLAP_TYPE &&
         qb->limit_offset_preserves_first_row();
}

/**
  Check if a query block is part of an INTERSECT or EXCEPT set operation.

  @param qb      Query block to check

  @returns true if query block is part of INTERSECT/EXCEPT, false otherwise.
*/
static bool wrapped_in_intersect_except(Query_term *qb) {
  for (qb = qb->parent(); qb != nullptr; qb = qb->parent()) {
    if (qb->term_type() == QT_EXCEPT || qb->term_type() == QT_INTERSECT)
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Generate a comparison function, possibly with negation.

  @param func   Comparison function factory
  @param left   Left argument to comparison function
  @param right  Right argument to comparison function
  @param negate Negate the comparison function

  @returns pointer to comparison function, or NULL if error
*/
static Item_bool_func *new_comparison_func(Comp_creator *func, Item *left,
                                           Item *right, bool negate) {
  Item_bool_func *comp = func->create(left, right);
  if (comp == nullptr) return nullptr;
  if (negate) {
    comp = down_cast<Item_func_comparison *>(comp)->negate_item();
  }
  return comp;
}

void Item_subselect::bind(Query_expression *qe) {
  m_query_expr = qe;
  Query_block *outer = query_expr()->outer_query_block();

  if (m_query_expr->item != nullptr) {
    m_parsing_place = m_query_expr->item->m_parsing_place;
  } else {
    m_parsing_place = outer->parsing_place;
  }
  m_query_expr->item = this;

  if (outer->parsing_place == CTX_HAVING) outer->subquery_in_having = true;
}

/**
  Accumulate missing used_tables information from embedded query expression
  into the subquery.
  This function relies on a few other functions to accumulate information:
    accumulate_expression(), accumulate_condition().

  Currently, the only property that is accumulated is INNER_TABLE_BIT.
  Information about local tables and outer references are accumulated in
  mark_as_dependent() (@see item.cc).
  RAND_TABLE_BIT is currently not accumulated (but uncacheable is used instead).

  @todo - maybe_null is not set properly for all types of subqueries and
          expressions. Use this sketch as a guideline for further handling:

  - When constructing an Item_subselect, maybe_null is false and null_value
    is true. This is obviously wrong.

  - When constructing an Item_in_subselect (subclass of Item_subselect),
    maybe_null is set true and null_value is set false.

  We should probably keep both maybe_null and null_value as false in
  the constructor. Then, set maybe_null during preparation, according to
  type of subquery:

  - Scalar subquery is nullable when query block may have an empty result (not
    DUAL or implicitly grouped).

  - Scalar subquery is nullable when one of the selected expressions
    are nullable.

  - Scalar subquery is nullable when WHERE clause or HAVING clause is non-empty
    and not always true.

  - EXISTS subquery is never nullable!

  - IN subquery nullability ignores subquery cardinality.

  - IN subquery is nullable when one of the selected expressions are nullable.

  - UNIONed query blocks may cancel out nullability.

*/
void Item_subselect::accumulate_properties() {
  for (Query_block *qb = m_query_expr->first_query_block(); qb != nullptr;
       qb = qb->next_query_block())
    accumulate_properties(qb);

  for (auto qt : query_expr()->query_terms<QTC_POST_ORDER, VL_SKIP_LEAVES>()) {
    /*
      qt->query_block() may only contain components with special table
      dependencies in the ORDER BY clause, so inspect these expressions only.
      (The SELECT list may contain table references that are valid only in
       a local scope - references to the UNION temporary table - and should
       not be propagated to the subquery level.)
    */
    for (ORDER *order = qt->query_block()->order_list.first; order != nullptr;
         order = order->next)
      accumulate_condition(*order->item);
  }
  // Save used tables information for the subquery only
  m_used_tables_cache |= m_subquery_used_tables;
}

/**
  Accumulate missing used_tables information for a query block.

  @param select Reference to query block
*/
void Item_subselect::accumulate_properties(Query_block *select) {
  for (Item *item : select->visible_fields()) {
    accumulate_expression(item);
  }

  if (select->where_cond()) accumulate_condition(select->where_cond());

  if (select->m_current_table_nest)
    walk_join_list(*select->m_current_table_nest,
                   [this](Table_ref *tr) -> bool {
                     if (tr->join_cond()) accumulate_condition(tr->join_cond());
                     return false;
                   });

  for (ORDER *group = select->group_list.first; group; group = group->next)
    accumulate_condition(*group->item);

  if (select->having_cond()) accumulate_condition(select->having_cond());

  for (ORDER *order = select->order_list.first; order; order = order->next)
    accumulate_expression(*order->item);
  if (select->has_tables()) m_subquery_used_tables |= INNER_TABLE_BIT;

  List_iterator<Window> wi(select->m_windows);
  Window *w;
  while ((w = wi++)) {
    for (ORDER *wp = w->first_partition_by(); wp != nullptr; wp = wp->next)
      accumulate_expression(*wp->item);
    for (ORDER *wo = w->first_order_by(); wo != nullptr; wo = wo->next)
      accumulate_expression(*wo->item);
  }
}

/**
  Accumulate used_tables information for an expression from a query block.

  @param item  Reference to expression.
*/
void Item_subselect::accumulate_expression(Item *item) {
  if (item->used_tables() & ~OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT)
    m_subquery_used_tables |= INNER_TABLE_BIT;
  set_nullable(is_nullable() || item->is_nullable());
}

/**
  Accumulate used_tables information for a condition from a query block.

  @param item  Reference to condition.
*/
void Item_subselect::accumulate_condition(Item *item) {
  if (item->used_tables() & ~OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT)
    m_subquery_used_tables |= INNER_TABLE_BIT;
}

void Item_subselect::create_iterators(THD *thd) {
  if (indexsubquery_engine != nullptr) {
    indexsubquery_engine->create_iterators(thd);
  }
}

Item_subselect::enum_engine_type Item_subselect::engine_type() const {
  if (indexsubquery_engine != nullptr) {
    switch (indexsubquery_engine->engine_type()) {
      case subselect_indexsubquery_engine::INDEXSUBQUERY_ENGINE:
        return Item_subselect::INDEXSUBQUERY_ENGINE;
      case subselect_indexsubquery_engine::HASH_SJ_ENGINE:
        return Item_subselect::HASH_SJ_ENGINE;
      default:
        assert(false);
    }
  }
  return Item_subselect::OTHER_ENGINE;
}

const TABLE *Item_subselect::get_table() const {
  return down_cast<subselect_hash_sj_engine *>(indexsubquery_engine)
      ->get_table();
}

const Index_lookup &Item_subselect::index_lookup() const {
  return down_cast<subselect_hash_sj_engine *>(indexsubquery_engine)
      ->index_lookup();
}

join_type Item_subselect::get_join_type() const {
  return down_cast<subselect_hash_sj_engine *>(indexsubquery_engine)
      ->get_join_type();
}

void Item_subselect::cleanup() {
  Item_result_field::cleanup();
  if (m_query_result != nullptr) m_query_result->cleanup();

  if (indexsubquery_engine != nullptr) {
    indexsubquery_engine->cleanup();
    ::destroy_at(indexsubquery_engine);
    indexsubquery_engine = nullptr;
  }
  reset();
  m_value_assigned = false;
  m_traced_before = false;
  in_cond_of_tab = NO_PLAN_IDX;
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **ref) {
  assert(!fixed);

  m_query_result = new (thd->mem_root) Query_result_scalar_subquery(this);
  if (m_query_result == nullptr) return true;

  if (Item_subselect::fix_fields(thd, ref)) return true;

  Query_block *inner = query_expr()->first_query_block();

  Query_block *outer = inner->outer_query_block();

  Item *single_field = inner->single_visible_field();

  if (single_field != nullptr &&
      single_field->type() == Item::VALUES_COLUMN_ITEM && !is_maxmin()) {
    /*
      A subquery that is a VALUES clause can be used as a scalar subquery.
      But VALUES clauses with a single row are transformed to their simple
      components and will not be shown as VALUES_COLUMN_ITEM here.
   */
    assert(inner->row_value_list->size() > 1);
    /*
      Since scalar subqueries can have at most one row, reject VALUES
      clauses (with more than one row) immediately.
      But note (see condition above) that this does not apply for the
      internally generated max-min subquery type.
    */
    my_error(ER_SUBQUERY_NO_1_ROW, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  fixed = true;

  if (thd->lex->is_view_context_analysis()) return false;

  // A subquery containing a simple selected expression can be eliminated
  if (!query_expr()->is_set_operation() && guaranteed_one_row(inner) &&
      single_field != nullptr && !single_field->has_aggregation() &&
      !single_field->has_wf() && !is_maxmin()) {
    if (thd->lex->is_explain()) {
      char warn_buff[MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE];
      sprintf(warn_buff, ER_THD(thd, ER_SELECT_REDUCED), inner->select_number);
      push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_SELECT_REDUCED, warn_buff);
    }
    // Allow field to be used for name lookup in this query block
    if (item_name.is_set()) {
      single_field->item_name = item_name;
    }
    if (single_field->type() == SUBQUERY_ITEM) {
      Item_subselect *subs = down_cast<Item_subselect *>(single_field);
      subs->query_expr()->set_explain_marker_from(thd, query_expr());
    }
    // Unlink the subquery's query expression:
    query_expr()->exclude_level();

    // Merge subquery's name resolution contexts into parent's
    outer->merge_contexts(inner);

    // Fix query block contexts after merging the subquery
    single_field->fix_after_pullout(outer, inner);

    *ref = single_field;
  }

  return false;
}

void Item_singlerow_subselect::cleanup() {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  Item_subselect::cleanup();
}

/**
  Decide whether to mark the injected left expression "outer" relative to
  the subquery. It should be marked as outer in the following cases:

  1) If the left expression is not constant.

  2) If the left expression could be a constant NULL and we care about the
  difference between UNKNOWN and FALSE. In this case, JOIN::optimize() for
  the subquery must be prevented from evaluating any triggered condition, as
  the triggers for such conditions have not yet been properly set by
  Item_in_optimizer::val_int(). By marking the left expression as outer, a
  triggered condition using it will not be considered constant, will not be
  evaluated by JOIN::optimize(); it will only be evaluated by JOIN::exec()
  which is called from Item_in_optimizer::val_int()

  3) If the left expression comes from a subquery and is not a basic
  constant. In this case, the value cannot be read until after the subquery
  has been evaluated. By marking it as outer, we prevent it from being read
  when JOIN::optimize() attempts to evaluate constant conditions.

  @param[in] left_row The item that represents the left operand of the IN
                      operator

  @param[in] col      The column number of the expression in the left operand
                      to possibly mark as dependent of the outer select

  @returns true if we should mark the injected left expression "outer"
                relative to the subquery
*/
bool Item_in_subselect::mark_as_outer(Item *left_row, size_t col) {
  const Item *left_col = left_row->element_index(col);
  return !left_col->const_item() ||
         (process_nulls() && left_col->is_nullable()) ||
         (left_row->type() == SUBQUERY_ITEM && !left_col->basic_const_item());
}

bool Item_in_subselect::finalize_exists_transform(THD *thd,
                                                  Query_block *query_block) {
  assert(strategy == Subquery_strategy::CANDIDATE_FOR_IN2EXISTS_OR_MAT ||
         strategy == Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_EXISTS);
  /*
    Note that if the subquery is "SELECT1 UNION SELECT2" then this is not
    working optimally (Bug#14215895).
  */
  if (!(query_expr()->global_parameters()->select_limit = new Item_int(1))) {
    return true;
  }
  query_expr()->global_parameters()->m_internal_limit = true;

  if (query_expr()->set_limit(thd, query_expr()->global_parameters()))
    return true; /* purecov: inspected */

  if (query_expr()->finalize(thd)) {
    return true;
  }

  query_block->join->allow_outer_refs = true;  // for JOIN::set_prefix_tables()
  strategy = Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_EXISTS;
  return false;
}

Item *remove_in2exists_conds(Item *conds) {
  bool modified = false;
  List<Item> new_conds;
  if (WalkConjunction(conds, [&modified, &new_conds](Item *cond) {
        if (cond->created_by_in2exists()) {
          modified = true;
          return false;
        } else {
          return new_conds.push_back(cond);
        }
      })) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  return modified ? CreateConjunction(&new_conds) : conds;
}

bool Item_in_subselect::finalize_materialization_transform(THD *thd,
                                                           JOIN *join) {
  assert(strategy == Subquery_strategy::CANDIDATE_FOR_IN2EXISTS_OR_MAT);

  assert(query_expr()->is_simple());
  assert(join == query_expr()->first_query_block()->join);
  // No UNION in materialized subquery so this holds:
  assert(join->query_block == query_expr()->first_query_block());
  assert(join->query_expression() == query_expr());
  assert(query_expr()->global_parameters()->select_limit == nullptr);

  strategy = Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_MATERIALIZATION;

  // We need to undo several changes which IN->EXISTS had done:

  /*
    The conditions added by in2exists depend on the concrete value from the
    outer query block, so they need to be removed before we materialize.
  */

  // This part is not relevant for the hypergraph optimizer.
  if (join->where_cond)
    join->where_cond = remove_in2exists_conds(join->where_cond);
  if (join->having_cond)
    join->having_cond = remove_in2exists_conds(join->having_cond);

  // This part is only relevant for the hypergraph optimizer.
  query_expr()->change_to_access_path_without_in2exists(thd);
  assert(!m_in2exists_info->dependent_before);
  if (query_expr()->finalize(thd)) {
    return true;
  }

  join->query_block->uncacheable &= ~UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;
  query_expr()->uncacheable &= ~UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;

  OPT_TRACE_TRANSFORM(&thd->opt_trace, oto0, oto1,
                      query_expr()->first_query_block()->select_number,
                      "IN (SELECT)", "materialization");
  oto1.add("chosen", true);

  subselect_hash_sj_engine *const new_engine =
      new (thd->mem_root) subselect_hash_sj_engine(this, query_expr());
  if (!new_engine) return true;
  if (new_engine->setup(thd, *query_expr()->get_unit_column_types())) {
    /*
      For some reason we cannot use materialization for this IN predicate.
      Delete all materialization-related objects, and return error.
    */
    new_engine->cleanup();
    ::destroy_at(new_engine);
    return true;
  }
  indexsubquery_engine = new_engine;

  join->allow_outer_refs = false;  // for JOIN::set_prefix_tables()
  return false;
}

void Item_in_subselect::cleanup() {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  if (m_left_expr_cache != nullptr) {
    m_left_expr_cache->destroy_elements();
    ::destroy_at(m_left_expr_cache);
    m_left_expr_cache = nullptr;
  }
  m_left_expr_cache_filled = false;
  need_expr_cache = true;

  switch (strategy) {
    case Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_MATERIALIZATION:
      if (m_in2exists_info->dependent_after) {
        query_expr()->first_query_block()->uncacheable |= UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;
        query_expr()->uncacheable |= UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;
      }
      [[fallthrough]];
    case Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_EXISTS:
      /*
        Back to EXISTS_OR_MAT, so that next execution of this statement can
        choose between the two.
      */
      query_expr()->global_parameters()->select_limit = nullptr;
      strategy = Subquery_strategy::CANDIDATE_FOR_IN2EXISTS_OR_MAT;
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }

  Item_subselect::cleanup();
}

AccessPath *Item_in_subselect::root_access_path() const {
  if (strategy == Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_MATERIALIZATION &&
      indexsubquery_engine->engine_type() ==
          subselect_indexsubquery_engine::HASH_SJ_ENGINE) {
    return down_cast<subselect_hash_sj_engine *>(indexsubquery_engine)
        ->root_access_path();
  } else {
    // Only subselect_hash_sj_engine owns its own iterator;
    // for subselect_indexsubquery_engine, the unit still has it, since it's a
    // normally executed query block. Thus, we should never get called
    // otherwise.
    //
    // However, in some situations where the hypergraph optimizer prints out
    // the query to the log for debugging, it isn't fully optimized
    // yet and might not yet have an iterator. Thus, return nullptr instead of
    // assert-failing.
    assert(current_thd->lex->using_hypergraph_optimizer());
    return nullptr;
  }
}

bool Item_subselect::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **) {
  char const *save_where = thd->where;
  uint8 uncacheable;
  bool res;

  assert(!fixed);
  assert(indexsubquery_engine == nullptr);
#ifndef NDEBUG
  assert(contextualized);
#endif
  if (check_stack_overrun(thd, STACK_MIN_SIZE, (uchar *)&res)) return true;

  if (!query_expr()->is_prepared() &&
      query_expr()->prepare(thd, m_query_result, nullptr, SELECT_NO_UNLOCK, 0))
    return true;

  // Accumulate properties referring to "inner tables"
  accumulate_properties();

  // Check that subquery does not contain more selected expression than allowed
  if (query_expr()->num_visible_fields() > m_max_columns) {
    my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), 1);
    return true;
  }
  if (resolve_type(thd)) return true;

  if ((uncacheable = query_expr()->uncacheable)) {
    if (uncacheable & UNCACHEABLE_RAND) {
      m_subquery_used_tables |= RAND_TABLE_BIT;
      m_used_tables_cache |= RAND_TABLE_BIT;
    }
  }

  /*
    If this subquery references window functions, per the SQL standard they
    are aggregated in the subquery's query block, and never outside of it, so:
  */
  assert(!has_wf());

  thd->where = save_where;

  return false;
}

bool Item_subselect::walk(Item_processor processor, enum_walk walk,
                          uchar *arg) {
  if ((walk & enum_walk::PREFIX) && (this->*processor)(arg)) return true;

  if ((walk & enum_walk::SUBQUERY) && query_expr()->walk(processor, walk, arg))
    return true;

  return (walk & enum_walk::POSTFIX) && (this->*processor)(arg);
}

/**
  Register subquery to the table where it is used within a condition.

  @param arg    qep_row to which the subquery belongs

  @returns false

  @note We always return "false" as far as we don't want to dive deeper because
        we explain inner subqueries in their joins contexts.
*/

bool Item_subselect::explain_subquery_checker(uchar **arg) {
  qep_row *qr = reinterpret_cast<qep_row *>(*arg);

  qr->register_where_subquery(query_expr());
  return false;
}

bool Item_subselect::exec(THD *thd) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  /*
    Do not execute subselect in case of a fatal error
    or if the query has been killed.
  */
  if (thd->is_error() || thd->killed) return true;

  // No subqueries should be evaluated when analysing a view
  assert(!thd->lex->is_view_context_analysis());
  /*
    Simulate a failure in sub-query execution. Used to test e.g.
    out of memory or query being killed conditions.
  */
  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("subselect_exec_fail", return true;);

  /*
    Disable tracing of subquery execution if
    1) this is not the first time the subselect is executed, and
    2) REPEATED_SUBSELECT is disabled
  */
  Opt_trace_context *const trace = &thd->opt_trace;
  const bool disable_trace =
      m_traced_before &&
      !trace->feature_enabled(Opt_trace_context::REPEATED_SUBSELECT);
  const Opt_trace_disable_I_S disable_trace_wrapper(trace, disable_trace);
  m_traced_before = true;

  const Opt_trace_object trace_wrapper(trace);
  Opt_trace_object trace_exec(trace, "subselect_execution");
  trace_exec.add_select_number(
      query_expr()->first_query_block()->select_number);
  const Opt_trace_array trace_steps(trace, "steps");

  // subselect_hash_sj_engine creates its own iterators; it does not call
  // exec().
  const bool should_create_iterators =
      !(indexsubquery_engine != nullptr &&
        indexsubquery_engine->engine_type() ==
            subselect_indexsubquery_engine::HASH_SJ_ENGINE);

  // Normally, the query expression would be optimized here, but statements
  // like DO and SET may still rely on lazy optimization. Also, we might not
  // have iterators, so make sure to create them if they're missing.
  if (!query_expr()->is_optimized()) {
    if (query_expr()->optimize(thd, /*materialize_destination=*/nullptr,
                               /*finalize_access_paths=*/false))
      return true;

    // NOTE: We defer finalization and creating iterators to the statements
    // below; asking optimize() to finalize a plan with two choices
    // (materialization and exists) rightfully causes a failed assertion. We
    // should probably have made a cost-based choice between the two here, but
    // as it stands, we will always implicitly choose in2exists in these cases
    // (DO/SET).
  }
  if (should_create_iterators && query_expr()->root_access_path() != nullptr) {
    if (query_expr()->finalize(thd)) {
      return true;
    }
    if (query_expr()->force_create_iterators(thd)) return true;
  }
  if (indexsubquery_engine != nullptr) {
    return indexsubquery_engine->exec(thd);
  } else {
    char const *save_where = thd->where;
    const bool res = query_expr()->execute(thd);
    thd->where = save_where;
    return res;
  }
}

/// @see Query_expression::fix_after_pullout()
void Item_subselect::fix_after_pullout(Query_block *parent_query_block,
                                       Query_block *removed_query_block)

{
  /* Clear usage information for this subquery predicate object */
  m_used_tables_cache = 0;
  m_subquery_used_tables = 0;

  query_expr()->fix_after_pullout(parent_query_block, removed_query_block);

  // Accumulate properties like INNER_TABLE_BIT
  accumulate_properties();

  if (query_expr()->uncacheable & UNCACHEABLE_RAND) {
    m_subquery_used_tables |= RAND_TABLE_BIT;
  }

  m_used_tables_cache = m_subquery_used_tables;
}

bool Item_in_subselect::walk(Item_processor processor, enum_walk walk,
                             uchar *arg) {
  if (left_expr->walk(processor, walk, arg)) return true;
  return Item_subselect::walk(processor, walk, arg);
}

Item *Item_in_subselect::transform(Item_transformer transformer, uchar *arg) {
  left_expr = left_expr->transform(transformer, arg);
  if (left_expr == nullptr) return nullptr;

  return (this->*transformer)(arg);
}

Item *Item_in_subselect::compile(Item_analyzer analyzer, uchar **arg_p,
                                 Item_transformer transformer, uchar *arg_t) {
  if (!(this->*analyzer)(arg_p)) return this;

  // Compile the left expression of the IN subquery
  Item *item = left_expr->compile(analyzer, arg_p, transformer, arg_t);
  if (item == nullptr) return nullptr; /* purecov: inspected */
  if (item != left_expr) current_thd->change_item_tree(&left_expr, item);

  return (this->*transformer)(arg_t);
}

/*
  Compute the IN predicate if the left operand's cache changed.
*/

bool Item_in_subselect::exec(THD *thd) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  assert(strategy != Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_MATERIALIZATION ||
         indexsubquery_engine->engine_type() ==
             subselect_indexsubquery_engine::HASH_SJ_ENGINE);
  /*
    Initialize the cache of the left predicate operand. This has to be done as
    late as now, because Cached_item directly contains a resolved field (not
    an item, and in some cases (when temp tables are created), these fields
    end up pointing to the wrong field. One solution is to change Cached_item
    to not resolve its field upon creation, but to resolve it dynamically
    from a given Item_ref object.
    Do not init the cache if a previous execution decided that it is not needed.
    TODO: the cache should be applied conditionally based on:
    - rules - e.g. only if the left operand is known to be ordered, and/or
    - on a cost-based basis, that takes into account the cost of a cache
      lookup, the cache hit rate, and the savings per cache hit.
  */
  if (need_expr_cache && m_left_expr_cache == nullptr &&
      strategy == Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_MATERIALIZATION &&
      init_left_expr_cache(thd))
    return true;

  if (m_left_expr_cache != nullptr) {
    const int result = update_item_cache_if_changed(*m_left_expr_cache);
    if (m_left_expr_cache_filled &&  // cache was previously filled
        result < 0)  // new value is identical to previous cached value
    {
      /*
        We needn't do a full execution, can just reuse "value", "was_null",
        "null_value" of the previous execution.
      */
      return false;
    }
    m_left_expr_cache_filled = true;
  }

  const bool uncacheable =
      query_expr()->uncacheable || indexsubquery_engine != nullptr;
  if (query_expr()->is_executed() && uncacheable) {
    // Second or later execution (and it's actually going to be executed,
    // not just the return the cached value from the first run), so clear out
    // state from the previous run(s).
    //
    // Note that subselect_hash_sj_engine and subselect_indexsubquery_engine
    // are both uncacheable (due to dependency on the left side), even if the
    // underlying query expression is not marked as such.
    null_value = false;
    m_was_null = false;
  }
  return Item_subselect::exec(thd);
}

Item::Type Item_subselect::type() const { return SUBQUERY_ITEM; }

Item *Item_subselect::get_tmp_table_item(THD *thd_arg) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  if (!has_aggregation() && !(const_for_execution() &&
                              evaluate_during_optimization(
                                  this, thd_arg->lex->current_query_block()))) {
    Item *result = new Item_field(result_field);
    return result;
  }
  Item *result = copy_or_same(thd_arg);
  return result;
}

void Item_subselect::update_used_tables() {
  if (!query_expr()->uncacheable) {
    // There is no expression with outer reference, randomness or side-effect,
    // so the subquery's content depends only on its inner tables:
    m_subquery_used_tables &= INNER_TABLE_BIT;
  }
  m_used_tables_cache = m_subquery_used_tables;
}

void Item_subselect::print(const THD *thd, String *str,
                           enum_query_type query_type) const {
  str->append('(');
  if (query_type & QT_SUBSELECT_AS_ONLY_SELECT_NUMBER) {
    str->append("select #");
    uint select_number = query_expr()->first_query_block()->select_number;
    str->append_ulonglong(select_number);
  } else if (indexsubquery_engine != nullptr) {
    indexsubquery_engine->print(thd, str, query_type);
  } else {
    query_expr()->print(thd, str, query_type);
  }
  str->append(')');
}

bool Query_result_scalar_subquery::send_data(
    THD *thd, const mem_root_deque<Item *> &items) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  Item_singlerow_subselect *it = down_cast<Item_singlerow_subselect *>(item);
  if (it->is_value_assigned()) {
    my_error(ER_SUBQUERY_NO_1_ROW, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }
  uint i = 0;
  for (Item *val_item : VisibleFields(items)) {
    it->store(i++, val_item);
  }
  if (thd->is_error()) return true;

  it->set_value_assigned();
  return false;
}

Item_singlerow_subselect::Item_singlerow_subselect(const POS &pos,
                                                   Query_block *query_block)
    : Item_subselect(pos) {
  bind(query_block->master_query_expression());

  m_max_columns = UINT_MAX;
}

Item_singlerow_subselect::Item_singlerow_subselect(Query_block *query_block)
    : Item_subselect() {
  bind(query_block->master_query_expression());

  m_max_columns = UINT_MAX;
}

Query_block *Item_singlerow_subselect::invalidate_and_restore_query_block() {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  Query_block *result = query_expr()->first_query_block();

  assert(result);

  /*
    This code restore the parse tree in it's state before the execution of
    Item_singlerow_subselect::Item_singlerow_subselect(),
    and in particular decouples this object from the Query_block,
    so that the Query_block can be used with a different flavor
    or Item_subselect instead, as part of query rewriting.
  */
  query_expr()->item = nullptr;

  return result;
}

/* used in independent ALL/ANY optimisation */
class Query_result_max_min_subquery final : public Query_result_subquery {
  Item_cache *cache;
  bool (Query_result_max_min_subquery::*op)();
  bool fmax;
  /**
    If ignoring NULLs, comparisons will skip NULL values. If not
    ignoring NULLs, the first (if any) NULL value discovered will be
    returned as the maximum/minimum value.
  */
  bool ignore_nulls;

 public:
  Query_result_max_min_subquery(Item_subselect *item_arg, bool mx,
                                bool ignore_nulls)
      : Query_result_subquery(item_arg),
        cache(nullptr),
        fmax(mx),
        ignore_nulls(ignore_nulls) {}
  void cleanup() override;
  bool send_data(THD *thd, const mem_root_deque<Item *> &items) override;

 private:
  bool cmp_real();
  bool cmp_int();
  bool cmp_decimal();
  bool cmp_str();
};

void Query_result_max_min_subquery::cleanup() {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  cache = nullptr;
}

bool Query_result_max_min_subquery::send_data(
    THD *, const mem_root_deque<Item *> &items) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  Item_maxmin_subselect *it = (Item_maxmin_subselect *)item;
  Item *val_item = nullptr;
  for (Item *item : VisibleFields(items)) {
    val_item = item;
    break;
  }
  assert(val_item != nullptr);
  it->register_value();
  if (it->is_value_assigned()) {
    cache->store(val_item);
    if ((this->*op)()) it->store(0, cache);
  } else {
    if (cache == nullptr) {
      cache = Item_cache::get_cache(val_item);
      switch (val_item->result_type()) {
        case REAL_RESULT:
          op = &Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_real;
          break;
        case INT_RESULT:
          op = &Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_int;
          break;
        case STRING_RESULT:
          op = &Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_str;
          break;
        case DECIMAL_RESULT:
          op = &Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_decimal;
          break;
        case ROW_RESULT:
        case INVALID_RESULT:
          // This case should never be chosen
          assert(0);
          op = nullptr;
      }
    }
    cache->store(val_item);
    it->store(0, cache);
  }
  it->set_value_assigned();
  return false;
}

/**
  Compare two floating point numbers for MAX or MIN.

  Compare two numbers and decide if the number should be cached as the
  maximum/minimum number seen this far. If fmax==true, this is a
  comparison for MAX, otherwise it is a comparison for MIN.

  val1 is the new number to compare against the current
  maximum/minimum. val2 is the current maximum/minimum.

  ignore_nulls is used to control behavior when comparing with a NULL
  value. If ignore_nulls==false, the behavior is to store the first
  NULL value discovered (i.e, return true, that it is larger than the
  current maximum) and never replace it. If ignore_nulls==true, NULL
  values are not stored. ANY subqueries use ignore_nulls==true, ALL
  subqueries use ignore_nulls==false.

  @retval true if the new number should be the new maximum/minimum.
  @retval false if the maximum/minimum should stay unchanged.
 */
bool Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_real() {
  Item *maxmin = ((Item_singlerow_subselect *)item)->element_index(0);
  const double val1 = cache->val_real(), val2 = maxmin->val_real();
  /*
    If we're ignoring NULLs and the current maximum/minimum is NULL
    (must have been placed there as the first value iterated over) and
    the new value is not NULL, return true so that a new, non-NULL
    maximum/minimum is set. Otherwise, return false to keep the
    current non-NULL maximum/minimum.

    If we're not ignoring NULLs and the current maximum/minimum is not
    NULL, return true to store NULL. Otherwise, return false to keep
    the NULL we've already got.
  */
  if (cache->null_value || maxmin->null_value)
    return (ignore_nulls) ? !(cache->null_value) : !(maxmin->null_value);
  return (fmax) ? (val1 > val2) : (val1 < val2);
}

/**
  Compare two integer numbers for MAX or MIN.

  @see Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_real()
*/
bool Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_int() {
  Item *maxmin = ((Item_singlerow_subselect *)item)->element_index(0);
  const longlong val1 = cache->val_int(), val2 = maxmin->val_int();
  if (cache->null_value || maxmin->null_value)
    return (ignore_nulls) ? !(cache->null_value) : !(maxmin->null_value);
  return (fmax) ? (val1 > val2) : (val1 < val2);
}

/**
  Compare two decimal numbers for MAX or MIN.

  @see Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_real()
*/
bool Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_decimal() {
  Item *maxmin = ((Item_singlerow_subselect *)item)->element_index(0);
  my_decimal cval, *cvalue = cache->val_decimal(&cval);
  my_decimal mval, *mvalue = maxmin->val_decimal(&mval);
  if (cache->null_value || maxmin->null_value)
    return (ignore_nulls) ? !(cache->null_value) : !(maxmin->null_value);
  return (fmax) ? (my_decimal_cmp(cvalue, mvalue) > 0)
                : (my_decimal_cmp(cvalue, mvalue) < 0);
}

/**
  Compare two strings for MAX or MIN.

  @see Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_real()
*/
bool Query_result_max_min_subquery::cmp_str() {
  Item *maxmin = down_cast<Item_singlerow_subselect *>(item)->element_index(0);
  /*
    as far as both operand is Item_cache buf1 & buf2 will not be used,
    but added for safety
  */
  String buf1;
  const String *val1 = cache->val_str(&buf1);
  if (current_thd->is_error()) return false;
  String buf2;
  const String *val2 = maxmin->val_str(&buf2);
  if (cache->null_value || maxmin->null_value)
    return (ignore_nulls) ? !(cache->null_value) : !(maxmin->null_value);
  return (fmax) ? (sortcmp(val1, val2, cache->collation.collation) > 0)
                : (sortcmp(val1, val2, cache->collation.collation) < 0);
}

Item_maxmin_subselect::Item_maxmin_subselect(Item_subselect *parent,
                                             Query_block *query_block,
                                             bool max_arg)
    : Item_singlerow_subselect(), m_max(max_arg) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  m_max_columns = 1;
  // Re-attach subquery item pointer to this query expression
  query_block->master_query_expression()->item = nullptr;
  bind(query_block->master_query_expression());

  set_nullable(true);

  m_used_tables_cache = parent->subquery_used_tables();
  m_subquery_used_tables = m_used_tables_cache;
}

void Item_maxmin_subselect::cleanup() {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  Item_singlerow_subselect::cleanup();

  m_has_values = false;
}

void Item_maxmin_subselect::print(const THD *thd, String *str,
                                  enum_query_type query_type) const {
  str->append(m_max ? "<max>" : "<min>", 5);
  Item_singlerow_subselect::print(thd, str, query_type);
}

void Item_singlerow_subselect::reset() {
  null_value = true;
  if (m_value != nullptr) m_value->null_value = true;
}

void Item_singlerow_subselect::store(uint i, Item *item) {
  m_row[i]->store(item);
  m_row[i]->cache_value();
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::is_single_column_scalar_subquery() const {
  return query_expr()->first_query_block()->single_visible_field() != nullptr;
}

enum Item_result Item_singlerow_subselect::result_type() const {
  if (cols() > 1) return ROW_RESULT;
  return type_to_result(data_type());
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::resolve_type(THD *thd) {
  m_max_columns = query_expr()->num_visible_fields();
  if (m_max_columns == 1) {
    m_row = &m_value;
  } else {
    m_row = thd->mem_root->ArrayAlloc<Item_cache *>(m_max_columns);
    if (m_row == nullptr) {
      return true;
    }
    m_value = *m_row;
  }
  assert(m_row != nullptr ||
         query_expr()->first_query_block()->single_visible_field() != nullptr);

  // A UNION is possibly empty only if all query blocks are possibly empty.
  // Other set operations may always be empty
  bool possibly_empty = true;
  for (Query_block *sl = query_expr()->first_query_block(); sl != nullptr;
       sl = sl->next_query_block()) {
    if (guaranteed_one_row(sl) && !wrapped_in_intersect_except(sl)) {
      possibly_empty = false;
      break;
    }
  }

  if (create_row(query_expr()->query_term()->query_block()->fields, m_row,
                 possibly_empty)) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

void Item_singlerow_subselect::no_rows_in_result() {
  /*
    This is only possible if we have a dependent subquery in the SELECT list
    and an aggregated outer query based on zero rows, which is an illegal query
    according to the SQL standard. ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY rejects such queries.
  */
  if (query_expr()->uncacheable & UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT) m_no_rows = true;
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::check_cols(uint c) {
  if (c != query_expr()->num_visible_fields()) {
    my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), c);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::null_inside() {
  for (uint i = 0; i < m_max_columns; i++) {
    if (m_row[i]->null_value) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

void Item_singlerow_subselect::bring_value() {
  if (!exec(current_thd) && is_value_assigned())
    null_value = false;
  else
    reset();
}

double Item_singlerow_subselect::val_real() {
  assert(fixed);
  if (!m_no_rows && !exec(current_thd) && !m_value->null_value) {
    null_value = false;
    return m_value->val_real();
  } else {
    reset();
    return error_real();
  }
}

longlong Item_singlerow_subselect::val_int() {
  assert(fixed);
  if (!m_no_rows && !exec(current_thd) && !m_value->null_value) {
    null_value = false;
    return m_value->val_int();
  } else {
    reset();
    return error_int();
  }
}

String *Item_singlerow_subselect::val_str(String *str) {
  assert(fixed);
  if (!m_no_rows && !exec(current_thd) && !m_value->null_value) {
    null_value = false;
    return m_value->val_str(str);
  } else {
    reset();
    return error_str();
  }
}

my_decimal *Item_singlerow_subselect::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value) {
  assert(fixed);
  if (!m_no_rows && !exec(current_thd) && !m_value->null_value) {
    my_decimal *retval = m_value->val_decimal(decimal_value);
    null_value = m_value->null_value;
    return retval;
  } else {
    reset();
    return error_decimal(decimal_value);
  }
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::val_json(Json_wrapper *result) {
  assert(fixed);
  if (!m_no_rows && !exec(current_thd) && !m_value->null_value) {
    null_value = false;
    return m_value->val_json(result);
  } else {
    reset();
    return current_thd->is_error();
  }
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime,
                                        my_time_flags_t fuzzydate) {
  assert(fixed);
  if (!m_no_rows && !exec(current_thd) && !m_value->null_value) {
    null_value = false;
    return m_value->get_date(ltime, fuzzydate);
  } else {
    reset();
    return true;
  }
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::get_time(MYSQL_TIME *ltime) {
  assert(fixed);
  if (!m_no_rows && !exec(current_thd) && !m_value->null_value) {
    null_value = false;
    return m_value->get_time(ltime);
  } else {
    reset();
    return true;
  }
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::val_bool() {
  assert(fixed);
  if (!m_no_rows && !exec(current_thd) && !m_value->null_value) {
    null_value = false;
    return m_value->val_bool();
  } else {
    reset();
    return false;
  }
}

class Query_result_exists_subquery : public Query_result_subquery {
 public:
  explicit Query_result_exists_subquery(Item_subselect *item_arg)
      : Query_result_subquery(item_arg) {}
  bool send_data(THD *thd, const mem_root_deque<Item *> &items) override;
};

bool Query_result_exists_subquery::send_data(THD *,
                                             const mem_root_deque<Item *> &) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  Item_exists_subselect *it = (Item_exists_subselect *)item;
  /*
    A subquery may be evaluated 1) by executing the JOIN 2) by optimized
    functions (index_subquery, subquery materialization).
    It's only in (1) that we get here when we find a row. In (2) "value" is
    set elsewhere.
  */
  it->m_value = true;
  it->set_value_assigned();
  return false;
}

Item_exists_subselect::Item_exists_subselect(const POS &pos,
                                             Query_block *query_block)
    : Item_subselect(pos) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  bind(query_block->master_query_expression());

  m_max_columns = UINT_MAX;

  // Move these to fix_fields? IN/ANY/SOME will override them
  null_value = false;   // can't be NULL
  set_nullable(false);  // can't be NULL
}

void Item_exists_subselect::print(const THD *thd, String *str,
                                  enum_query_type query_type) const {
  // Resolvinghas eliminate all other transforms:
  assert(value_transform == BOOL_IS_TRUE || value_transform == BOOL_IS_FALSE ||
         !fixed);

  const char *tail = Item_bool_func::bool_transform_names[value_transform];
  if (fixed) tail = "";

  // Put () around NOT as it has lower associativity than IS TRUE, or '+'
  if (value_transform == BOOL_IS_FALSE || value_transform == BOOL_NEGATED)
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("(not "));
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("exists"));
  Item_subselect::print(thd, str, query_type);
  if (value_transform == BOOL_IS_FALSE || value_transform == BOOL_NEGATED)
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(")"));
  if (tail[0] != '\0') {
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" "));
    str->append(tail, strlen(tail));
  }
}

/**
  Translates the value of the EXISTS predicate taking into account
  IS [NOT] TRUE/FALSE. Note that underlying value is never NULL.
*/
bool Item_exists_subselect::return_value(bool v) {
  assert(!null_value);
  assert(value_transform == BOOL_IS_TRUE || value_transform == BOOL_IS_FALSE);

  return value_transform == BOOL_IS_TRUE ? v : !v;
}

/**
  Same as for Item_exists_subselect(), except it has to process NULL values.
*/
bool Item_in_subselect::return_value(bool v) {
  if (null_value) {  // Naked IN returns UNKNOWN
    switch (value_transform) {
      case BOOL_IDENTITY:
      case BOOL_NEGATED:
        return false;
      case BOOL_IS_TRUE:
      case BOOL_IS_FALSE:
        null_value = false;
        return false;
      case BOOL_NOT_TRUE:
      case BOOL_NOT_FALSE:
        null_value = false;
        return true;
      default:
        assert(false);
        return false;
    }
  }
  // Naked IN returns 'v'
  switch (value_transform) {
    case BOOL_IDENTITY:
    case BOOL_IS_TRUE:
    case BOOL_NOT_FALSE:
      return v;
    case BOOL_NEGATED:
    case BOOL_NOT_TRUE:
    case BOOL_IS_FALSE:
      return !v;
    default:
      assert(false);
      return v;
  }
}

/**
  ALL and ANY subquery predicates are wrapped in an Item_func_not_all or
  Item_func_nop_all object that performs final value conversion.
  Here we only process inversion.
*/
bool Item_allany_subselect::return_value(bool v) {
  switch (value_transform) {
    case BOOL_IDENTITY:
    case BOOL_IS_TRUE:
    case BOOL_NOT_FALSE:
      return v;
    case BOOL_NEGATED:
    case BOOL_NOT_TRUE:
    case BOOL_IS_FALSE:
      return !v;
    default:
      assert(false);
      return v;
  }
}

Item *Item_exists_subselect::truth_transformer(THD *, enum Bool_test test) {
  assert(subquery_type() == EXISTS_SUBQUERY || subquery_type() == IN_SUBQUERY);
  switch (test) {
    case BOOL_NEGATED:
    case BOOL_IS_TRUE:
    case BOOL_IS_FALSE:
    case BOOL_NOT_TRUE:
    case BOOL_NOT_FALSE:
      break;
    default:
      assert(false);
  }
  // x IN (SELECT y FROM DUAL) may be replaced with x=y which alas doesn't
  // support value transforms; we still want to allow this replacement, so
  // let's not store the value transform in that case, and keep an explicit
  // truth test Item at the outside.
  if (!query_expr()->is_set_operation() &&
      !query_expr()->first_query_block()->has_tables() &&
      query_expr()->first_query_block()->where_cond() == nullptr &&
      subquery_type() == IN_SUBQUERY &&
      query_expr()->first_query_block()->single_visible_field() != nullptr)
    return nullptr;

  // Combine requested test with already present test, if any.
  value_transform = Item_bool_func::bool_transform[value_transform][test];
  return this;
}

bool Item_in_subselect::test_limit() {
  for (auto qt : query_expr()->query_terms<QTC_PRE_ORDER>())
    if (qt->query_block()->test_limit()) return true;
  return false;
}

Item_in_subselect::Item_in_subselect(const POS &pos, Item *left_exp,
                                     Query_block *query_block)
    : Item_exists_subselect(pos, query_block), pt_subselect(nullptr) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  left_expr = left_exp;
  m_max_columns = UINT_MAX;
  set_nullable(true);
  null_value = false;
  // if test_limit will fail then error will be reported to client
  test_limit();
}

Item_in_subselect::Item_in_subselect(const POS &pos, Item *left_exp,
                                     PT_subquery *pt_subquery_arg)
    : super(pos), pt_subselect(pt_subquery_arg) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  left_expr = left_exp;
  m_max_columns = UINT_MAX;
  set_nullable(true);
  null_value = false;
}

bool Item_in_subselect::do_itemize(Parse_context *pc, Item **res) {
  if (skip_itemize(res)) return false;
  if (super::do_itemize(pc, res) || left_expr->itemize(pc, &left_expr) ||
      pt_subselect->contextualize(pc))
    return true;

  this->bind(pt_subselect->value()->master_query_expression());

  if (test_limit()) return true;

  return false;
}

Item_allany_subselect::Item_allany_subselect(const POS &pos, Item *left_exp,
                                             chooser_compare_func_creator fc,
                                             Query_block *query_block, bool all)
    : Item_in_subselect(pos), m_func_creator(fc), m_all_subquery(all) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  left_expr = left_exp;
  m_compare_func = m_func_creator(false);
  bind(query_block->master_query_expression());

  // Only a single column is supported in the SELECT list
  m_max_columns = 1;
  reset();
  // if test_limit will fail then error will be reported to client
  test_limit();
}

bool Item_exists_subselect::resolve_type(THD *thd) {
  set_data_type_longlong();
  max_length = 1;
  m_max_columns = query_expr()->num_visible_fields();
  if (strategy == Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_EXISTS) {
    const Prepared_stmt_arena_holder ps_arena_holder(thd);
    /*
      We need only 1 row to determine existence if LIMIT is not 0.
      Note that if the subquery is "SELECT1 UNION SELECT2" then this is not
      working optimally (Bug#14215895).
    */
    if (query_expr()->global_parameters()->select_limit == nullptr ||
        query_expr()->global_parameters()->select_limit->val_uint() > 0) {
      query_expr()->global_parameters()->select_limit = new Item_int(1);
      if (query_expr()->global_parameters()->select_limit == nullptr)
        return true;
      query_expr()->global_parameters()->m_internal_limit = true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

bool Item_exists_subselect::transformer(THD *, Item **) {
  strategy = Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_EXISTS;
  /*
    Only 1 row is needed to determine existence if LIMIT is not 0.
    Note that if the subquery is "SELECT1 UNION SELECT2" then this is not
    working optimally (Bug#14215895).
  */
  Query_block *params = query_expr()->global_parameters();
  Item *limit = params->select_limit;
  if (limit == nullptr || (limit->const_item() && limit->val_uint() > 0)) {
    params->select_limit = new Item_int(1);
    if (params->select_limit == nullptr) return true;
    params->m_internal_limit = true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool Item_exists_subselect::is_semijoin_candidate(THD *thd) const {
  // Not supported for quantified comparison predicates, only EXISTS and IN
  if (subquery_type() == Item_subselect::ANY_SUBQUERY ||
      subquery_type() == Item_subselect::ALL_SUBQUERY) {
    return false;
  }
  Query_block *inner = query_expr()->first_query_block();
  Query_block *outer = query_expr()->outer_query_block();

  const bool is_deterministic =
      left_expr == nullptr || !left_expr->is_non_deterministic();
  /*
    (a) A certain secondary engine doesn't support antijoin transforms
    (b) For NOT EXISTS (non-correlated subquery), or
        <constant> NOT IN (non-correlated subquery): it is more efficient to
        evaluate it once for all during optimization:
        - if it is false, we may be able to skip reading the outer table,
        - if it is true, we'll avoid reading the inner table many times.
        So we leave it as a subquery.
        @todo: revisit this when (a) becomes false, or when the cost optimizer
        is made to prefer hash antijoin over nested loop antijoin for the cases
        of (b) (hash antijoin has efficient handling of them).
  */
  const bool cannot_do_antijoin =
      (thd->lex->m_sql_cmd != nullptr &&  // (a)
       thd->secondary_engine_optimization() ==
           Secondary_engine_optimization::SECONDARY) ||
      ((left_expr == nullptr || left_expr->const_item()) &&  // (b)
       (query_expr()->uncacheable & UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT) == 0);

  /*
    Check if we're in subquery that is a candidate for flattening into a
    semi-join (which is done in flatten_subqueries()). The requirements are:
      1. Semi-join is enabled (cf. hints)
      2. Subquery is a simple query block (not a set operation or a
         parenthesized query expression).
      3. Subquery is not grouped (explicitly or implicitly)
         3x: outer aggregated expression are not accepted
      4. Subquery does not use HAVING
      5. Subquery does not use windowing functions
      6. Subquery predicate is (a) in an ON/WHERE clause,
         and (b) at the AND-top-level of that clause. Note for 6a:
         Semijoin transformations of subqueries in ON cause the
         join nests to no longer be acceptable as a join tree, which
         disturbs the hypergraph optimizer, so we disable them
         for that case (6x). However, we enable them when secondary
         engine optimization is ON because it is easy to reject a
         possible wrong plan when not supporting nested loop joins.
      7. Parent query block accepts semijoins (i.e we are not in a subquery of
         a single table UPDATE/DELETE (TODO: We should handle this at some
         point by switching to multi-table UPDATE/DELETE)
      8. This is not a table-less subquery, like "SELECT 1".
      9. Parent query block is not a confluent table-less query block.
      10. Neither parent nor child query block has straight join.
      11. Parent query block does not prohibit semi-join.
      12. LHS of IN predicate is deterministic
      13. The subquery predicate, surrounding truth test, and nullability of
          expressions, are compatible with the transformation.
      14. Antijoins are supported, or it's not an antijoin (it's a semijoin).
      15. OFFSET starts from the first row and LIMIT is not 0.
  */
  SecondaryEngineFlags engine_flags = 0;
  if (const handlerton *secondary_engine = SecondaryEngineHandlerton(thd);
      secondary_engine != nullptr) {
    engine_flags = secondary_engine->secondary_engine_flags;
  }
  if (inner->semijoin_enabled(thd) &&                              // 1
      inner->is_simple_query_block() &&                            // 2
      !inner->is_grouped() && !inner->with_sum_func &&             // 3
      inner->having_cond() == nullptr &&                           // 4
      !inner->has_windows() &&                                     // 5
      (outer->resolve_place == Query_block::RESOLVE_CONDITION ||   // 6a
       (outer->resolve_place == Query_block::RESOLVE_JOIN_NEST &&  // 6a
        (!thd->lex->using_hypergraph_optimizer() ||
         (thd->secondary_engine_optimization() ==
              Secondary_engine_optimization::SECONDARY &&
          !Overlaps(
              engine_flags,
              MakeSecondaryEngineFlags(
                  SecondaryEngineFlag::SUPPORTS_NESTED_LOOP_JOIN)))))) &&  // 6x
      outer->condition_context == enum_condition_context::ANDS &&          // 6b
      outer->has_subquery_transforms() &&                                  //  7
      inner->leaf_table_count > 0 &&                                       //  8
      outer->leaf_table_count > 0 &&                                       //  9
      !((inner->active_options() | outer->active_options()) &              // 10
        SELECT_STRAIGHT_JOIN) &&                                           // 10
      !(outer->active_options() & SELECT_NO_SEMI_JOIN) &&                  // 11
      is_deterministic &&                                                  // 12
      allow_table_subquery_transform() &&                                  // 13
      !(use_anti_join_transform() && cannot_do_antijoin) &&                // 14
      inner->limit_offset_preserves_first_row()) {                         // 15
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool Item_exists_subselect::is_derived_candidate(THD *thd) const {
  Query_block *inner = query_expr()->first_query_block();
  Query_block *outer = query_expr()->outer_query_block();

  const bool derived_transform_enabled =
      thd->optimizer_switch_flag(OPTIMIZER_SWITCH_SUBQUERY_TO_DERIVED) ||
      (thd->lex->m_sql_cmd != nullptr &&
       thd->secondary_engine_optimization() ==
           Secondary_engine_optimization::SECONDARY);

  const bool aggregated = inner->is_grouped() || inner->with_sum_func ||
                          inner->having_cond() != nullptr ||
                          inner->has_windows();
  /*
    Check if an EXISTS or IN subquery can be transformed to a derived table:

      FROM ot WHERE ot.x [NOT] IN (SELECT y FROM it1, it2)

    => [IN]

      FROM ot INNER JOIN (SELECT DISTINCT y FROM it1, it2) AS derived
           ON ot.x=derived.y

    => [NOT IN]

      FROM ot LEFT JOIN (SELECT DISTINCT y FROM it1, it2) AS derived
           ON ot.x=derived.y
      WHERE derived.y IS NOT NULL.

      0. Subquery predicate is IN or EXISTS (not ALL or ANY)
      1. Transformation to derived table is enabled
      2. Subquery is a simple query block (not a set operation or a
         parenthesized query expression). This is because a certain secondary
         engine has no support for setop DISTINCT.
      3. If this is [NOT] EXISTS, subquery must not be grouped or windowed;
         see transform_table_subquery_to_join_with_derived()
      4. Subquery predicate is
        4a. in WHERE clause (we have not implemented the transformation for the
            ON clause)
        4b. linked to the root of that clause with ANDs or ORs.
      5. Parent query block accepts subquery transforms (i.e we are not in
         a subquery of a single table UPDATE/DELETE (TODO: We should handle
         this at some point by switching to multi-table UPDATE/DELETE)
      6. Parent query block has tables, as we'll link to them with LEFT JOIN
      7. LHS of predicate (if any) is deterministic
      8. The subquery predicate, surrounding truth test, and nullability of
         expressions, are compatible with the transformation.
      9. The left argument isn't a row (multi-column) subquery; it would lead
         to creating conditions like WHERE (outer_subq) =
         ROW(derived.col1,derived.col2), which would complicate code.
      10. Certain other subquery transformations, incompatible with this one,
          have not been done.
  */
  if ((subquery_type() == Item_subselect::EXISTS_SUBQUERY ||           //  0
       subquery_type() == Item_subselect::IN_SUBQUERY) &&              //  0
      derived_transform_enabled &&                                     //  1
      inner->is_simple_query_block() &&                                //  2
      (left_expr != nullptr || !aggregated) &&                         //  3
      (outer->resolve_place == Query_block::RESOLVE_CONDITION ||       //  4
       outer->resolve_place == Query_block::RESOLVE_SELECT_LIST) &&    //  4
      outer->condition_context != enum_condition_context::NEITHER &&   //  4b
      outer->has_subquery_transforms() &&                              //  5
      outer->leaf_table_count != 0 &&                                  //  6
      (left_expr == nullptr || !left_expr->is_non_deterministic()) &&  //  7
      allow_table_subquery_transform() &&                              //  8
      !(left_expr != nullptr &&                                        //  9
        left_expr->type() == Item::SUBQUERY_ITEM &&                    //  9
        left_expr->cols() > 1) &&                                      //  9
      !thd->lex->m_subquery_to_derived_is_impossible) {                // 10
    return true;
  }
  /*
    Check if a quantified comparison predicate can be transformed to
    a derived table:

      FROM ot WHERE ot.x <op>ANY (SELECT y FROM it1, it2) or
      FROM ot WHERE ot.x <op>ALL (SELECT y FROM it1, it2)

    =>

      FROM ot INNER JOIN (SELECT MIN/MAX(y) FROM it1, it2) AS derived
              ON ot.x <op> derived.y AND <extra conditions>

      0. Subquery predicate is ANY or ALL
      1. Transformation to derived table is enabled
      2. Subquery is a simple query block (not a set operation or a
         parenthesized query expression).
      3. Subquery must not be grouped or windowed
      4. Subquery predicate is in WHERE clause or SELECT list
      5. Outer query block accepts transformations (i.e we are not in
         a subquery of a single table UPDATE/DELETE (TODO: We should handle
         this at some point by switching to multi-table UPDATE/DELETE)
      6. Outer query block has tables, as we'll link to them with LEFT JOIN
      7. Inner query block has tables, since we need to establish a JOIN cond.
      8. LHS of quantified comparison predicate is deterministic
      9. The left argument isn't a row (multi-column) subquery; it would lead
         to creating conditions like WHERE (outer_subq) =
         ROW(derived.col1,derived.col2), which would complicate code.
     10. Certain other subquery transformations, incompatible with this one,
         have not been done.
  */
  if ((subquery_type() == Item_subselect::ANY_SUBQUERY ||            //  0
       subquery_type() == Item_subselect::ALL_SUBQUERY) &&           //  0
      derived_transform_enabled &&                                   //  1
      inner->is_simple_query_block() &&                              //  2
      !aggregated &&                                                 //  3
      (outer->resolve_place == Query_block::RESOLVE_CONDITION ||     //  4
       outer->resolve_place == Query_block::RESOLVE_SELECT_LIST) &&  //  4
      outer->has_subquery_transforms() &&                            //  5
      outer->leaf_table_count != 0 &&                                //  6
      inner->leaf_table_count != 0 &&                                //  7
      !left_expr->is_non_deterministic() &&                          //  8
      !(left_expr->type() == Item::SUBQUERY_ITEM &&                  //  9
        left_expr->cols() > 1) &&                                    //  9
      !thd->lex->m_subquery_to_derived_is_impossible) {              // 10
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/**
   Helper for is_semijoin_candidate() and is_derived_candidate().

   @returns true  if transform to semijoin or antijoin is allowed.
            true  if transform to derived table using either a semijoin-like or
                  antijoin-like alogorithm, with subquery predicate in
                  SELECT list, is allowed.
            false otherwise.
*/
bool Item_exists_subselect::allow_table_subquery_transform() const {
  // EXISTS and NOT EXISTS filter out NULL values, so are always allowed
  if (subquery_type() == EXISTS_SUBQUERY) return true;

  switch (value_transform) {
    case BOOL_IS_TRUE:
    case BOOL_NOT_TRUE:
      return true;
    case BOOL_IS_FALSE:
    case BOOL_NOT_FALSE:
    case BOOL_IDENTITY:
    case BOOL_NEGATED:
      // antijoin/semijoin cannot work with NULLs on either side of IN
      if (down_cast<const Item_in_subselect *>(this)->left_expr->is_nullable())
        return false;
      for (Item *inner : query_expr()->first_query_block()->visible_fields()) {
        if (inner->is_nullable()) {
          return false;
        }
      }
      return true;
    default:
      assert(false);
      return false;
  }
}

/**
  @returns true  if transformation of subquery must be done with an anti-join
                 or anti-join like operation.
           false otherwise, ie. it can be done with a semi-join.
*/
bool Item_exists_subselect::use_anti_join_transform() const {
  switch (subquery_type()) {
    case EXISTS_SUBQUERY:
      assert(value_transform == BOOL_IS_TRUE ||
             value_transform == BOOL_IS_FALSE);
      return value_transform == BOOL_IS_FALSE;
    case IN_SUBQUERY:
      return value_transform == BOOL_IS_FALSE ||
             value_transform == BOOL_NOT_TRUE ||
             value_transform == BOOL_NEGATED;
    case ALL_SUBQUERY:
      return true;
    case ANY_SUBQUERY:
      return false;
    default:
      assert(false);
  }
  return false;
}

double Item_exists_subselect::val_real() { return val_bool(); }

longlong Item_exists_subselect::val_int() { return val_bool(); }

/**
  Return the result of EXISTS as a string value

  Converts the true/false result into a string value.

  @param [out] str             buffer to hold the resulting string value
  @retval                      Pointer to the converted string.
                               NULL if execution returns in error
*/

String *Item_exists_subselect::val_str(String *str) {
  const longlong val = val_bool();
  if (null_value) return nullptr;
  str->set(val, &my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}

/**
  Return the result of EXISTS as a decimal value

  Converts the true/false result into a decimal value.

  @param [out] decimal_value   Buffer to hold the resulting decimal value
  @retval                      Pointer to the converted decimal.
                               NULL if execution returns in error
*/

my_decimal *Item_exists_subselect::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value) {
  const longlong val = val_bool();
  if (null_value) return nullptr;
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, val, false, decimal_value);
  return decimal_value;
}

bool Item_exists_subselect::val_bool() {
  assert(fixed);
  if (exec(current_thd)) {
    reset();
    return false;
  }
  return return_value(m_value);
}

double Item_in_subselect::val_real() {
  // Substituted with Item_in_optimizer, so this function is never used
  assert(false);
  my_error(ER_INTERNAL_ERROR, MYF(0), "Invalid function call");
  return error_real();
}

longlong Item_in_subselect::val_int() {
  // Substituted with Item_in_optimizer, so this function is never used
  assert(false);
  my_error(ER_INTERNAL_ERROR, MYF(0), "Invalid function call");
  return error_int();
}

String *Item_in_subselect::val_str(String *) {
  // Substituted with Item_in_optimizer, so this function is never used
  assert(false);
  my_error(ER_INTERNAL_ERROR, MYF(0), "Invalid function call");
  return error_str();
}

bool Item_in_subselect::val_bool() {
  // Substituted with Item_in_optimizer, so this function is never used
  assert(false);
  my_error(ER_INTERNAL_ERROR, MYF(0), "Invalid function call");
  return error_int();
}

bool Item_in_subselect::val_bool_naked() {
  assert(fixed);
  null_value = false;
  if (exec(current_thd)) {
    reset();
    return false;
  }
  if (m_was_null && !m_value) null_value = true;
  /*
    This is the value of the naked IN. Negation, or applying of IS TRUE/FALSE,
    is left to the parent Item_in_optimizer, so make sure it's there:
  */
  return m_value;
}

my_decimal *Item_in_subselect::val_decimal(my_decimal *) {
  // Substituted with Item_in_optimizer, so this function is never used
  assert(false);
  my_error(ER_INTERNAL_ERROR, MYF(0), "Invalid function call");
  return nullptr;
}

/**
  Transform a single-column IN/ALL/ANY subquery predicate

  DESCRIPTION
    Rewrite a single-column subquery using rule-based approach. The subquery

       oe $cmp$ (SELECT ie FROM ... WHERE subq_where ... HAVING subq_having)

    First, try to convert the subquery to scalar-result subquery in one of
    the forms:

       - oe $cmp$ (SELECT MAX(...) )  // handled by Item_singlerow_subselect
       - oe $cmp$ \<max\>(SELECT ...)   // handled by Item_maxmin_subselect

    If that fails, the subquery will be handled with class Item_in_optimizer.
    There are two possibilities:
    - If the subquery execution method is materialization, then the subquery is
      not transformed any further.
    - Otherwise the IN predicates is transformed into EXISTS by injecting
      equi-join predicates and possibly other helper predicates. For details
      see function single_value_in_to_exists_transformer().

  @param thd    Thread handle
  @param func   Subquery comparison creator
  @param[in,out] transformed transformed Item

  @returns false if success, true if error
*/

bool Item_in_subselect::single_value_transformer(THD *thd, Comp_creator *func,
                                                 Item **transformed) {
  bool subquery_is_nullable = false;
  DBUG_TRACE;

  Query_block *outer = thd->lex->current_query_block();

  /*
    Check the nullability of the subquery. The subquery should return
    only one column, so we check the nullability of the first item in
    Query_block::fields_list. In case the subquery is a union, check the
    nullability of the first item of each query block belonging to the
    union.
  */
  for (Query_block *sel = query_expr()->first_query_block(); sel != nullptr;
       sel = sel->next_query_block()) {
    Item *only_item = sel->single_visible_field();
    assert(only_item != nullptr);
    if ((subquery_is_nullable = only_item->is_nullable())) break;
  }
  /*
    If this is an ALL/ANY single-value subquery predicate, try to rewrite
    it with a MIN/MAX subquery.

    E.g. SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE b > ANY (SELECT a FROM t2) can be rewritten
    with SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE b > (SELECT MIN(a) FROM t2).

    A predicate may be transformed to use a MIN/MAX subquery if it:
    1. has a greater than/less than comparison operator, and
    2. is not correlated with the outer query, and
    3. UNKNOWN results are treated as FALSE, or can never be generated, and
    4. is for a target engine that supports subqueries.
  */
  if (!func->eqne_op() &&                                        // 1
      !query_expr()->uncacheable &&                              // 2
      (ignore_unknown() ||                                       // 3
       (!left_expr->is_nullable() && !subquery_is_nullable)) &&  // 3
      thd->secondary_engine_optimization() !=                    // 4
          Secondary_engine_optimization::SECONDARY) {            // 4
    Query_block *select = query_expr()->first_query_block();

    Item_singlerow_subselect *subquery;
    Query_result_interceptor *new_result;
    bool all_predicate = subquery_type() == ALL_SUBQUERY;

    if (!query_expr()->is_set_operation() && !select->is_explicitly_grouped() &&
        select->having_cond() == nullptr &&
        // MIN/MAX(agg_or_window_func) would not be valid
        !select->with_sum_func && !select->has_windows() &&
        select->has_tables() &&
        // For ALL: MIN ignores NULL: 3<=ALL(4 and NULL) is UNKNOWN, while
        // NOT(3>(SELECT MIN(4 and NULL)) is TRUE
        !(all_predicate && subquery_is_nullable)) {
      OPT_TRACE_TRANSFORM(&thd->opt_trace, oto0, oto1, select->select_number,
                          "> ALL/ANY (SELECT)", "SELECT(MIN)");
      oto1.add("chosen", true);

      thd->lex->set_current_query_block(select);

      thd->lex->m_subquery_to_derived_is_impossible = true;
      Item_sum_hybrid *item;
      nesting_map save_allow_sum_func;
      if (func->l_op() ^ all_predicate) {
        /*
          (ALL && (> || =>)) || (ANY && (< || =<))
          for ALL condition is inverted
        */
        item = new Item_sum_max(select->base_ref_items[0]);
      } else {
        /*
          (ALL && (< || =<)) || (ANY && (> || =>))
          for ALL condition is inverted
        */
        item = new Item_sum_min(select->base_ref_items[0]);
      }
      if (item == nullptr) return true;
      if (m_upper_item) m_upper_item->set_sum_test(item);
      select->base_ref_items[0] = item;

      // Find the correct position in the field list, and overwrite it with the
      // item.
      for (auto it = select->visible_fields().begin();
           it != select->visible_fields().end(); ++it) {
        *it = item;
        break;
      }

      DBUG_EXECUTE("where", print_where(thd, item, "rewrite with MIN/MAX",
                                        QT_ORDINARY););

      save_allow_sum_func = thd->lex->allow_sum_func;
      thd->lex->allow_sum_func |= (nesting_map)1 << select->nest_level;
      /*
        Item_sum_(max|min) can't substitute other item => we can use 0 as
        reference, also Item_sum_(max|min) can't be fixed after creation, so
        we do not check item->fixed
      */
      if (item->fix_fields(thd, nullptr)) return true;
      thd->lex->allow_sum_func = save_allow_sum_func;

      subquery = new Item_singlerow_subselect(select);
      if (subquery == nullptr) return true;

      new_result = new (thd->mem_root) Query_result_scalar_subquery(subquery);
      if (new_result == nullptr) return true;

      thd->lex->set_current_query_block(outer);
    } else {
      OPT_TRACE_TRANSFORM(&thd->opt_trace, oto0, oto1, select->select_number,
                          "> ALL/ANY (SELECT)", "MIN (SELECT)");
      oto1.add("chosen", true);

      bool max_op = func->l_op() ^ all_predicate;
      Item_maxmin_subselect *item =
          new (thd->mem_root) Item_maxmin_subselect(this, select, max_op);
      if (item == nullptr) return true;

      new_result = new (thd->mem_root)
          Query_result_max_min_subquery(item, max_op, !all_predicate);
      if (new_result == nullptr) return true;

      subquery = item;
      if (m_upper_item != nullptr) m_upper_item->set_sub_test(item);
    }
    if (m_upper_item) m_upper_item->set_subselect(this);

    if (subquery->query_expr()->change_query_result(thd, new_result,
                                                    m_query_result))
      return true;

    m_query_result = new_result;

    *transformed =
        new_comparison_func(func, left_expr, subquery, all_predicate);
    if (*transformed == nullptr) return true;

    return false;
  }

  Item_in_optimizer *optimizer = down_cast<Item_in_optimizer *>(*transformed);
  assert(optimizer != nullptr);

  if (optimizer->fix_left(thd)) return true;

  Item_ref *const left = new Item_ref(
      &query_expr()->first_query_block()->context,
      pointer_cast<Item **>(optimizer->get_cache()), in_left_expr_name);
  if (left == nullptr) return true;

  if (mark_as_outer(left_expr, 0))
    left->depended_from = query_expr()->outer_query_block();

  m_injected_left_expr = left;

  assert(m_in2exists_info == nullptr);
  m_in2exists_info = new (thd->mem_root) In2exists_info;
  if (m_in2exists_info == nullptr) return true;
  m_in2exists_info->dependent_before =
      query_expr()->uncacheable & UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;
  if (!left_expr->const_item())
    query_expr()->uncacheable |= UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;
  m_in2exists_info->dependent_after =
      query_expr()->uncacheable & UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;

  if (process_nulls() && left_expr->is_nullable() &&
      m_pushed_cond_guards == nullptr) {
    m_pushed_cond_guards = (bool *)thd->alloc(sizeof(bool));
    if (m_pushed_cond_guards == nullptr) return true;
    m_pushed_cond_guards[0] = true;
  }

  // Perform IN=>EXISTS transformation for each query block of the subquery:
  for (Query_block *qb = query_expr()->first_query_block(); qb != nullptr;
       qb = qb->next_query_block()) {
    thd->lex->set_current_query_block(qb);

    if (single_value_in_to_exists_transformer(thd, qb, func)) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  thd->lex->set_current_query_block(outer);

  return false;
}

/**
  Transform an IN predicate into EXISTS via predicate injection.

  @details The transformation injects additional predicates into the subquery
  (and makes the subquery correlated) as follows.

  - If the subquery has aggregates, GROUP BY, or HAVING, convert to

    SELECT ie FROM ...  HAVING subq_having AND
                               trigcond(oe $cmp$ ref_or_null_helper<ie>)

    the addition is wrapped into trigger only when we want to distinguish
    between NULL and FALSE results.

  - Otherwise (no aggregates/GROUP BY/HAVING) convert it to one of the
    following:

    = If we don't need to distinguish between NULL and FALSE subquery:

      SELECT 1 FROM ... WHERE (oe $cmp$ ie) AND subq_where

    = If we need to distinguish between those:

      SELECT 1 FROM ...
        WHERE  subq_where AND trigcond((oe $cmp$ ie) OR (ie IS NULL))
        HAVING trigcond(@<is_not_null_test@>(ie))

  At JOIN::optimize() we will compare costs of materialization and EXISTS; if
  the former is cheaper we will switch to it.

    @param thd    Thread handle
    @param select Query block of the subquery
    @param func   Subquery comparison creator

    @returns false if success, true if error
             Success means that appropriate predicates were injected into
             the query block of the subquery predicate, or the subquery
             predicate was reduced to a simple predicate.
*/

bool Item_in_subselect::single_value_in_to_exists_transformer(
    THD *thd, Query_block *select, Comp_creator *func) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  OPT_TRACE_TRANSFORM(&thd->opt_trace, oto0, oto1, select->select_number,
                      "IN (SELECT)", "EXISTS (CORRELATED SELECT)");
  oto1.add("chosen", true);

  bool all_predicate = subquery_type() == ALL_SUBQUERY;

  // Transformation will make the subquery a dependent one.
  if (!left_expr->const_item()) select->uncacheable |= UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;

  m_in2exists_info->added_to_where = false;

  if (select->having_cond() != nullptr || select->is_explicitly_grouped() ||
      select->with_sum_func || select->has_windows()) {
    Item_ref_null_helper *ref_null = new Item_ref_null_helper(
        &select->context, this, &select->base_ref_items[0]);
    Item_bool_func *item = new_comparison_func(func, m_injected_left_expr,
                                               ref_null, all_predicate);
    if (item == nullptr) return true;

    item->set_created_by_in2exists();

    /*
      Assume that the expression in the SELECT list, is a function of a group
      aggregate which is aggregated in an outer query, for example
      SELECT ... FROM t1 WHERE t1.b IN (SELECT <expr of SUM(t1.a)> FROM t2). We
      are changing it to
      SELECT ... FROM t1 WHERE t1.b IN (SELECT <expr of SUM(t1.a)> FROM t2
                                        HAVING t1.b=ref-to-<expr of SUM(t1.a)>).
      SUM is an "inner sum func", its fix_fields() has added it to
      inner_sum_func_list of the outer query; the outer query will do
      split_sum_func on it which will add SUM as a hidden item and replace it
      in 'expr' with a pointer to an Item_ref.
      If 'expr' is a function which has SUM as one of its arguments, the
      SELECT list and HAVING access 'expr' through two different pointers, but
      there's only one 'expr' Item, which accesses SUM through one pointer, so
      there's a single referenced_by pointer to remember, we use
      referenced_by[0]. But if 'expr' is directly the SUM, with no Item in
      between, then there are two places where 'expr' should be replaced: the
      iterator in the SELECT list, and the 'ref-to-expr' in HAVING above. So we
      have to document those 2 places in referenced_by[0] and referenced_by[1].
    */
    Item *selected = select->base_ref_items[0];
    if (selected->type() == SUM_FUNC_ITEM) {
      Item_sum *selected_sum = down_cast<Item_sum *>(selected);
      if (!selected_sum->referenced_by[0])
        selected_sum->referenced_by[0] = ref_null->ref_pointer();
      else {
        // Slot 0 already occupied, use 1.
        assert(!selected_sum->referenced_by[1]);
        selected_sum->referenced_by[1] = ref_null->ref_pointer();
      }
    }
    if (process_nulls() && left_expr->is_nullable()) {
      /*
        We can encounter "NULL IN (SELECT ...)". Wrap the added condition
        within a trig_cond.
      */
      item =
          new Item_func_trig_cond(item, get_cond_guard(0), nullptr, NO_PLAN_IDX,
                                  Item_func_trig_cond::OUTER_FIELD_IS_NOT_NULL);
      if (item == nullptr) return true;
      item->set_created_by_in2exists();
    }

    /*
      AND and comparison functions can't be changed during fix_fields()
      we can assign query_block->having_cond here, and pass NULL as last
      argument (reference) to fix_fields()
    */
    select->set_having_cond(and_items(select->having_cond(), item));
    select->having_cond()->apply_is_true();
    select->having_fix_field = true;
    /*
      we do not check having_cond()->fixed, because Item_and (from and_items)
      or comparison function (from func->create) can't be fixed after creation
    */
    const Opt_trace_array having_trace(&thd->opt_trace,
                                       "evaluating_constant_having_conditions");
    if (select->having_cond()->fix_fields(thd, nullptr)) return true;
    select->having_fix_field = false;
  } else {
    Item *orig_item = select->single_visible_field();

    if (!select->source_table_is_one_row() || select->where_cond() != nullptr) {
      Item_bool_func *item = new_comparison_func(func, m_injected_left_expr,
                                                 orig_item, all_predicate);
      if (item == nullptr) return true;
      /*
        We may soon add a 'OR inner IS NULL' to 'item', but that may later be
        removed if 'inner' is not nullable, so the in2exists mark must be on
        'item' too. Not only on the OR node.
      */
      item->set_created_by_in2exists();
      if (process_nulls() && orig_item->is_nullable()) {
        Item_bool_func *having = new Item_is_not_null_test(this, orig_item);
        if (having == nullptr) return true;
        having->set_created_by_in2exists();
        if (left_expr->is_nullable()) {
          having = new Item_func_trig_cond(
              having, get_cond_guard(0), nullptr, NO_PLAN_IDX,
              Item_func_trig_cond::OUTER_FIELD_IS_NOT_NULL);
          if (having == nullptr) return true;
          having->set_created_by_in2exists();
        }
        /*
          Item_is_not_null_test can't be changed during fix_fields()
          we can assign query_block->having_cond() here, and pass NULL as last
          argument (reference) to fix_fields()
        */
        select->set_having_cond(having);
        select->having_fix_field = true;
        /*
          No need to check query_block->having_cond()->fixed, because Item_and
          (from and_items) or comparison function (from func->create)
          can't be fixed after creation.
        */
        const Opt_trace_array having_trace(
            &thd->opt_trace, "evaluating_constant_having_conditions");
        if (select->having_cond()->fix_fields(thd, nullptr)) return true;
        select->having_fix_field = false;
        item = new Item_cond_or(item, new Item_func_isnull(orig_item));
        if (item == nullptr) return true;
        item->set_created_by_in2exists();
      }
      /*
        If we may encounter NULL IN (SELECT ...) and care whether subquery
        result is NULL or FALSE, wrap condition in a trig_cond.
      */
      if (process_nulls() && left_expr->is_nullable()) {
        item = new Item_func_trig_cond(
            item, get_cond_guard(0), nullptr, NO_PLAN_IDX,
            Item_func_trig_cond::OUTER_FIELD_IS_NOT_NULL);
        if (item == nullptr) return true;
        item->set_created_by_in2exists();
      }
      /*
        AND can't be changed during fix_fields()
        we can assign query_block->having_cond() here, and pass NULL as last
        argument (reference) to fix_fields()

        Note that if query_block is the fake one of UNION, it does not make
        much sense to give it a WHERE clause below... we already give one to
        each member of the UNION.
      */
      select->set_where_cond(and_items(select->where_cond(), item));
      select->where_cond()->apply_is_true();
      m_in2exists_info->added_to_where = true;
      /*
        No need to check query_block->where_cond()->fixed, because Item_and
        can't be fixed after creation.
      */
      const Opt_trace_array where_trace(&thd->opt_trace,
                                        "evaluating_constant_where_conditions");
      if (select->where_cond()->fix_fields(thd, nullptr)) return true;
    } else {
      /*
        comparison functions can't be changed during fix_fields()
        we can assign query_block->having_cond() here, and pass NULL as last
        argument (reference) to fix_fields()
      */
      Item_bool_func *new_having = new_comparison_func(
          func, m_injected_left_expr,
          new Item_ref_null_helper(&select->context, this,
                                   &select->base_ref_items[0]),
          all_predicate);
      if (new_having == nullptr) return true;

      new_having->set_created_by_in2exists();
      if (process_nulls() && left_expr->is_nullable()) {
        new_having = new Item_func_trig_cond(
            new_having, get_cond_guard(0), nullptr, NO_PLAN_IDX,
            Item_func_trig_cond::OUTER_FIELD_IS_NOT_NULL);
        if (new_having == nullptr) return true;
        new_having->set_created_by_in2exists();
      }
      select->set_having_cond(new_having);
      select->having_fix_field = true;

      /*
        No need to check query_block->having_cond()->fixed, because comparison
        function (from func->create) can't be fixed after creation.
      */
      Opt_trace_array having_trace(&thd->opt_trace,
                                   "evaluating_constant_having_conditions");
      if (select->having_cond()->fix_fields(thd, nullptr)) return true;
      select->having_fix_field = false;
    }
  }

  thd->lex->m_subquery_to_derived_is_impossible = true;
  return false;
}

/**
  Transform a multi-column IN/ALL/ANY subquery predicate

  Rewrite a multi-column subquery using rule-based approach. The subquery

    (oe1, oe2, ...)  $cmp$ (SELECT ie1, ie2, ... FROM ... WHERE subq_where ...
                            HAVING subq_having)

  The subquery will be handled with class Item_in_optimizer.
  The IN predicates are transformed into EXISTS by injecting equi-join
  predicates and possibly other helper predicates. For details
  see function row_value_in_to_exists_transformer().

  @param thd    Thread handle
  @param[in,out] transformed transformed Item

  @returns false if success, true if error
*/
bool Item_in_subselect::row_value_transformer(THD *thd, Item **transformed) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  uint cols_num = left_expr->cols();

  Query_block *outer = query_expr()->outer_query_block();

  Item_in_optimizer *optimizer = down_cast<Item_in_optimizer *>(*transformed);
  if (optimizer->fix_left(thd)) return true;

  assert(m_in2exists_info == nullptr);
  m_in2exists_info = new (thd->mem_root) In2exists_info;
  if (m_in2exists_info == nullptr) return true;
  m_in2exists_info->dependent_before =
      query_expr()->uncacheable & UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;
  if (!left_expr->const_item())
    query_expr()->uncacheable |= UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;
  m_in2exists_info->dependent_after =
      query_expr()->uncacheable & UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;

  if (process_nulls() && left_expr->is_nullable() &&
      m_pushed_cond_guards == nullptr) {
    m_pushed_cond_guards = thd->mem_root->ArrayAlloc<bool>(left_expr->cols());
    if (m_pushed_cond_guards == nullptr) return true;
    for (uint i = 0; i < cols_num; i++) {
      m_pushed_cond_guards[i] = true;
    }
  }
  // Perform IN=>EXISTS transformation for each query block in subquery.
  for (Query_block *qb = query_expr()->first_query_block(); qb != nullptr;
       qb = qb->next_query_block()) {
    thd->lex->set_current_query_block(qb);

    if (row_value_in_to_exists_transformer(thd, qb, optimizer)) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  thd->lex->set_current_query_block(outer);

  return false;
}

/**
  Transform a (possibly non-correlated) IN subquery into a correlated EXISTS.

  @param thd       Thread handle
  @param select    Query block to transform
  @param optimizer Transformed item where extra conditions are added

  @returns false if success, true if error

  @todo
  The IF-ELSE below can be refactored so that there is no duplication of the
  statements that create the new conditions. For this we have to invert the IF
  and the FOR statements as this:
  for (each left operand)
    create the equi-join condition
    if (is_having_used || process_nulls())
      create the "is null" and is_not_null_test items
    if (is_having_used)
      add the equi-join and the null tests to HAVING
    else
      add the equi-join and the "is null" to WHERE
      add the is_not_null_test to HAVING
*/
bool Item_in_subselect::row_value_in_to_exists_transformer(
    THD *thd, Query_block *select, Item_in_optimizer *optimizer) {
  thd->lex->m_subquery_to_derived_is_impossible = true;
  Item_bool_func *having_item = nullptr;
  const uint cols_num = left_expr->cols();
  const bool is_having_used =
      select->having_cond() != nullptr || select->is_explicitly_grouped() ||
      select->with_sum_func || !select->has_tables() || select->has_windows();

  DBUG_TRACE;
  OPT_TRACE_TRANSFORM(&thd->opt_trace, oto0, oto1, select->select_number,
                      "IN (SELECT)", "EXISTS (CORRELATED SELECT)");
  oto1.add("chosen", true);

  // Transformation will make the subquery a dependent one.
  if (!left_expr->const_item()) select->uncacheable |= UNCACHEABLE_DEPENDENT;
  m_in2exists_info->added_to_where = false;

  if (is_having_used) {
    /*
      (l1, l2, l3) IN (SELECT v1, v2, v3 ... HAVING having) =>
      EXISTS (SELECT ... HAVING having and
                                (l1 = v1 or is null v1) and
                                (l2 = v2 or is null v2) and
                                (l3 = v3 or is null v3) and
                                is_not_null_test(v1) and
                                is_not_null_test(v2) and
                                is_not_null_test(v3))
      where is_not_null_test used to register nulls in case if we have
      not found matching to return correct NULL value
      TODO: say here explicitly if the order of AND parts matters or not.
    */
    Item_bool_func *item_having_part2 = nullptr;
    for (uint i = 0; i < cols_num; i++) {
      Item *item_i = select->base_ref_items[i];
      Item **pitem_i = &select->base_ref_items[i];
      assert(
          (left_expr->fixed && item_i->fixed) ||
          (item_i->type() == REF_ITEM &&
           down_cast<Item_ref *>(item_i)->ref_type() == Item_ref::OUTER_REF));
      if (item_i->check_cols(left_expr->element_index(i)->cols())) return true;
      Item_ref *const left =
          new Item_ref(&select->context, (*optimizer->get_cache())->addr(i),
                       in_left_expr_name);
      if (left == nullptr) return true; /* purecov: inspected */

      if (mark_as_outer(left_expr, i)) {
        left->depended_from = select->outer_query_block();
      }
      Item_bool_func *item_eq = new Item_func_eq(
          left, new Item_ref(&select->context, pitem_i, "<list ref>"));
      if (item_eq == nullptr) return true;
      item_eq->set_created_by_in2exists();
      Item_bool_func *item_isnull = new Item_func_isnull(
          new Item_ref(&select->context, pitem_i, "<list ref>"));
      if (item_isnull == nullptr) return true;
      item_isnull->set_created_by_in2exists();
      Item_bool_func *col_item = new Item_cond_or(item_eq, item_isnull);
      if (col_item == nullptr) return true;
      col_item->set_created_by_in2exists();
      if (process_nulls() && left_expr->element_index(i)->is_nullable()) {
        col_item = new Item_func_trig_cond(
            col_item, get_cond_guard(i), nullptr, NO_PLAN_IDX,
            Item_func_trig_cond::OUTER_FIELD_IS_NOT_NULL);
        if (col_item == nullptr) return true;
        col_item->set_created_by_in2exists();
      }

      having_item = and_items(having_item, col_item);
      if (having_item == nullptr) return true;
      having_item->set_created_by_in2exists();
      Item_bool_func *item_nnull_test = new Item_is_not_null_test(
          this, new Item_ref(&select->context, pitem_i, "<list ref>"));
      if (item_nnull_test == nullptr) return true;
      item_nnull_test->set_created_by_in2exists();
      if (process_nulls() && left_expr->element_index(i)->is_nullable()) {
        item_nnull_test = new Item_func_trig_cond(
            item_nnull_test, get_cond_guard(i), nullptr, NO_PLAN_IDX,
            Item_func_trig_cond::OUTER_FIELD_IS_NOT_NULL);
        if (item_nnull_test == nullptr) return true;
        item_nnull_test->set_created_by_in2exists();
      }
      item_having_part2 = and_items(item_having_part2, item_nnull_test);
      if (item_having_part2 == nullptr) return true;
      item_having_part2->set_created_by_in2exists();
    }
    having_item = and_items(having_item, item_having_part2);
    if (having_item == nullptr) return true;
    having_item->set_created_by_in2exists();
    having_item->apply_is_true();
  } else {
    /*
      (l1, l2, l3) IN (SELECT v1, v2, v3 ... WHERE where) =>
      EXISTS (SELECT ... WHERE where and
                               (l1 = v1 or is null v1) and
                               (l2 = v2 or is null v2) and
                               (l3 = v3 or is null v3)
                         HAVING is_not_null_test(v1) and
                                is_not_null_test(v2) and
                                is_not_null_test(v3))
      where is_not_null_test register NULLs values but reject rows

      in case when we do not need correct NULL, we have a simpler construction:
      EXISTS (SELECT ... WHERE where and
                               (l1 = v1) and
                               (l2 = v2) and
                               (l3 = v3)
    */
    Item_bool_func *where_item = nullptr;
    for (uint i = 0; i < cols_num; i++) {
      Item *item_i = select->base_ref_items[i];
      Item **pitem_i = &select->base_ref_items[i];
      assert((left_expr->fixed && item_i->fixed) ||
             (item_i->type() == REF_ITEM &&
              ((Item_ref *)(item_i))->ref_type() == Item_ref::OUTER_REF));
      if (item_i->check_cols(left_expr->element_index(i)->cols())) return true;
      Item_ref *const left =
          new Item_ref(&select->context, (*optimizer->get_cache())->addr(i),
                       in_left_expr_name);
      if (left == nullptr) return true;

      if (mark_as_outer(left_expr, i))
        left->depended_from = select->outer_query_block();

      Item_bool_func *item = new Item_func_eq(
          left, new Item_ref(&select->context, pitem_i, "<list ref>"));
      if (item == nullptr) return true;
      item->set_created_by_in2exists();
      if (process_nulls()) {
        Item_bool_func *having_col_item = new Item_is_not_null_test(
            this, new Item_ref(&select->context, pitem_i, "<list ref>"));
        if (having_col_item == nullptr) return true;
        having_col_item->set_created_by_in2exists();
        Item_bool_func *item_isnull = new Item_func_isnull(
            new Item_ref(&select->context, pitem_i, "<list ref>"));
        if (item_isnull == nullptr) return true;
        item_isnull->set_created_by_in2exists();
        item = new Item_cond_or(item, item_isnull);
        if (item == nullptr) return true;
        item->set_created_by_in2exists();
        /*
          TODO: why we create the above for cases where the right part
                can't be NULL?
        */
        if (left_expr->element_index(i)->is_nullable()) {
          item = new Item_func_trig_cond(
              item, get_cond_guard(i), nullptr, NO_PLAN_IDX,
              Item_func_trig_cond::OUTER_FIELD_IS_NOT_NULL);
          if (item == nullptr) return true;
          item->set_created_by_in2exists();
          having_col_item = new Item_func_trig_cond(
              having_col_item, get_cond_guard(i), nullptr, NO_PLAN_IDX,
              Item_func_trig_cond::OUTER_FIELD_IS_NOT_NULL);
          if (having_col_item == nullptr) return true;
          having_col_item->set_created_by_in2exists();
        }
        having_item = and_items(having_item, having_col_item);
        if (having_item == nullptr) return true;
        having_item->set_created_by_in2exists();
      }

      where_item = and_items(where_item, item);
      if (where_item == nullptr) return true;
      where_item->set_created_by_in2exists();
    }
    /*
      AND can't be changed during fix_fields()
      we can assign select->where_cond() here, and pass NULL as last
      argument (reference) to fix_fields()
    */
    select->set_where_cond(and_items(select->where_cond(), where_item));
    select->where_cond()->apply_is_true();
    m_in2exists_info->added_to_where = true;
    const Opt_trace_array where_trace(&thd->opt_trace,
                                      "evaluating_constant_where_conditions");
    if (select->where_cond()->fix_fields(thd, nullptr)) return true;
  }
  if (having_item != nullptr) {
    select->set_having_cond(and_items(select->having_cond(), having_item));
    select->having_cond()->apply_is_true();
    /*
      AND can't be changed during fix_fields()
      we can assign select->having_cond() here, and pass 0 as last
      argument (reference) to fix_fields()
    */
    select->having_fix_field = true;
    const Opt_trace_array having_trace(&thd->opt_trace,
                                       "evaluating_constant_having_conditions");
    if (select->having_cond()->fix_fields(thd, nullptr)) return true;
    select->having_fix_field = false;
  }

  return false;
}

bool Item_in_subselect::transformer(THD *thd, Item **transformed) {
  return quantified_comp_transformer(thd, &eq_creator, transformed);
}

/**
  Perform transformation of quantified comparison predicates
  (ie. IN/ALL/ANY/SOME subquery predicates)

  @param thd              Thread handle
  @param func             creator of condition function of subquery
  @param[out] transformed Pointer to transformed item, if applicable.
                          Unchanged if no transformation is performed.

  @returns false if success, true if error
*/

bool Item_in_subselect::quantified_comp_transformer(THD *thd,
                                                    Comp_creator *func,
                                                    Item **transformed) {
  const char *save_where = thd->where;

  DBUG_TRACE;

  bool all_predicate = subquery_type() == ALL_SUBQUERY;

  Query_block *inner = query_expr()->first_query_block();

  /*
    A table-less IN or NOT IN subquery that is not grouped and has no
    WHERE, HAVING or QUALIFY clause can be transformed into a simple
    equality or non-equality.
  */
  if (!query_expr()->is_set_operation() && inner->source_table_is_one_row() &&
      func->eqne_op() && !inner->is_grouped() &&
      inner->where_cond() == nullptr && inner->having_cond() == nullptr &&
      inner->qualify_cond() == nullptr && !inner->has_windows() &&
      left_expr->cols() == 1) {
    /*
      Keep applicability conditions in sync with
      Item_exists_subselect::truth_transformer().
      The expression is moved to the immediately outer query block, so it
      may no longer contain outer references.
    */
    Query_block *outer = inner->outer_query_block();
    Item *selected_item = inner->single_visible_field();
    outer->merge_contexts(inner);
    selected_item->fix_after_pullout(outer, inner);

    // Resolving of substitution item will be done in time of substituting
    *transformed =
        new_comparison_func(func, left_expr, selected_item, all_predicate);
    if (*transformed == nullptr) return true;

    if (thd->lex->is_explain()) {
      char warn_buff[MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE];
      sprintf(warn_buff, ER_THD(thd, ER_SELECT_REDUCED), inner->select_number);
      push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_SELECT_REDUCED, warn_buff);
    }
    query_expr()->exclude_level();

    return false;
  }
#ifndef NDEBUG
  /*
    IN/SOME/ALL/ANY subqueries don't support LIMIT clause. Without
    it, ORDER BY becomes meaningless and should already have been
    removed when resolving the subquery.
  */
  for (Query_block *sl = query_expr()->first_query_block(); sl;
       sl = sl->next_query_block())
    assert(!sl->order_list.first);
#endif

  thd->where = "IN/ALL/ANY subquery";

  /*
    In some optimisation cases we will not need this Item_in_optimizer
    object, but we can't know it here, but here we need address correct
    reference on left expression.
  */
  *transformed = new Item_in_optimizer(this);
  if (*transformed == nullptr) return true;

  // Choose the IN=>EXISTS transformation, at least temporarily.
  strategy = Subquery_strategy::CANDIDATE_FOR_IN2EXISTS_OR_MAT;

  if (left_expr->cols() == 1) {
    if (single_value_transformer(thd, func, transformed)) return true;
  } else {
    // Row operation is only supported for =ANY (IN) and <>ALL (NOT IN):
    if (func != &eq_creator) {
      my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), 1);
      return true;
    }
    if (row_value_transformer(thd, transformed)) return true;
  }

  thd->where = save_where;

  return false;
}

void Item_in_subselect::print(const THD *thd, String *str,
                              enum_query_type query_type) const {
  const char *tail = Item_bool_func::bool_transform_names[value_transform];
  if (implicit_is_op) tail = "";
  bool paren = false;
  if (strategy == Subquery_strategy::CANDIDATE_FOR_IN2EXISTS_OR_MAT ||
      strategy == Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_EXISTS) {
    if (value_transform == BOOL_NEGATED) {  // NOT has low associativity, but
                                            // we're inside Item_in_optimizer,
      // so () are needed only if IS TRUE/FALSE is coming.
      if (tail[0]) {
        paren = true;
        str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("("));
      }
      str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("not "));
    }
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("<exists>"));
  } else {
    left_expr->print(thd, str, query_type);
    if (value_transform == BOOL_NEGATED) str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" not"));
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" in "));
  }
  Item_subselect::print(thd, str, query_type);
  if (paren) str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(")"));
  if (tail[0]) {
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" "));
    str->append(tail, strlen(tail));
  }
}

/**
  An object of class Item_in_subselect is always substituted with another
  object of class Item_in_optimizer, and the substitution object contains
  a pointer to the original Item_in_subselect.
  This substitution is currently handled by calling fix_fields() twice:
  The first call will resolve the underlying query expression and create
  the Item_in_optimizer substitution object.
  The second call is performed from Item_in_optimizer::fix_fields() and
  will complete the resolving of the object.
  Notice also that this process is partly managed by
  Item_subselect::fix_fields().
*/
bool Item_exists_subselect::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **ref) {
  assert(!fixed);

  m_query_result = new (thd->mem_root) Query_result_exists_subquery(this);
  if (m_query_result == nullptr) return true;

  Query_block *outer = thd->lex->current_query_block();
  assert(outer == query_expr()->outer_query_block());

  if (left_expr == nullptr) {
    thd->where = "EXISTS subquery";
  } else {
    thd->where = "IN/ALL/ANY subquery";
  }
  if (Item_subselect::fix_fields(thd, nullptr)) return true;

  if (left_expr != nullptr) {
    Condition_context CCT(outer);
    if (!left_expr->fixed && left_expr->fix_fields(thd, &left_expr)) {
      return true;
    }
    // Check that left expr and subquery select list column count matches
    if (query_expr()->num_visible_fields() != left_expr->cols()) {
      my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), left_expr->cols());
      return true;
    }

    m_used_tables_cache |= left_expr->used_tables();

    if (left_expr->is_nullable()) {
      set_nullable(true);
    }
    add_accum_properties(left_expr);
  } else {
    // EXISTS and NOT EXISTS will never handle NULL values
    value_transform = Item_bool_func::bool_simplify[value_transform];
  }

  fixed = true;

  if (thd->lex->is_view_context_analysis()) return false;

  assert(strategy == Subquery_strategy::UNSPECIFIED);

  if (is_semijoin_candidate(thd)) {
    // Notify in the subquery predicate where it belongs in the query graph
    embedding_join_nest = outer->resolve_nest;

    // Register the subquery for further processing in flatten_subqueries()
    strategy = Subquery_strategy::CANDIDATE_FOR_SEMIJOIN;
    outer->add_subquery_transform_candidate(this);
  } else if (is_derived_candidate(thd)) {
    assert(outer->resolve_nest == nullptr);
    // Register the subquery for further processing in flatten_subqueries()
    outer->add_subquery_transform_candidate(this);
    strategy = Subquery_strategy::CANDIDATE_FOR_DERIVED_TABLE;
    outer_condition_context = outer->condition_context;
  } else {
    // Transform the subquery predicate, if possible
    if (transformer(thd, ref)) return true;
    if (*ref != this) {
      (*ref)->item_name = item_name;
      if (!(*ref)->fixed && (*ref)->fix_fields(thd, ref)) {
        return true;
      }
      return false;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

void Item_in_subselect::fix_after_pullout(Query_block *parent_query_block,
                                          Query_block *removed_query_block) {
  Item_subselect::fix_after_pullout(parent_query_block, removed_query_block);
  left_expr->fix_after_pullout(parent_query_block, removed_query_block);
  m_used_tables_cache |= left_expr->used_tables();
}

void Item_in_subselect::update_used_tables() {
  Item_subselect::update_used_tables();
  left_expr->update_used_tables();
  m_used_tables_cache |= left_expr->used_tables();
  add_accum_properties(left_expr);
}

/**
  Initialize the cache of the left operand of the IN predicate.

  @note This method has the same purpose as alloc_group_fields(),
  but it takes a different kind of collection of items, and the
  list we push to is dynamically allocated.

  @retval true  if a memory allocation error occurred
  @retval false if success
*/

bool Item_in_subselect::init_left_expr_cache(THD *thd) {
  /*
    Check if the left operand is a subquery that yields an empty set of rows.
    If so, skip initializing a cache; for an empty set the subquery
    exec won't read any rows and so lead to uninitialized reads if attempted.
  */
  if (left_expr->type() == SUBQUERY_ITEM && left_expr->null_value) {
    return false;
  }

  JOIN *outer_join = query_expr()->outer_query_block()->join;
  /*
    An IN predicate might be evaluated in a query for which all tables have
    been optimized away.
  */
  if (!(outer_join && outer_join->qep_tab)) {
    need_expr_cache = false;
    return false;
  }

  m_left_expr_cache = new (thd->mem_root) List<Cached_item>;
  if (m_left_expr_cache == nullptr) return true;

  for (uint i = 0; i < left_expr->cols(); i++) {
    Cached_item *cur_item_cache =
        new_Cached_item(thd, left_expr->element_index(i));
    if (cur_item_cache == nullptr ||
        m_left_expr_cache->push_front(cur_item_cache))
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

std::optional<ContainedSubquery> Item_in_subselect::get_contained_subquery(
    const Query_block *outer_query_block) {
  // TODO(sgunders): Respect subquery hints, which can force the
  // strategy to be materialize.
  Query_block *query_block = query_expr()->first_query_block();
  AccessPath *path = query_expr()->root_access_path();
  if (path == nullptr) {
    // In rare situations involving IN subqueries on the left side of
    // other IN subqueries, the query block may not be part of the
    // parent query block's list of inner query blocks. If so, it has
    // not been optimized here. Since this is a rare case, we'll just
    // skip it and assign it zero cost.
    return std::nullopt;
  }

  const bool materializable =
      subquery_allows_materialization(current_thd, query_block,
                                      outer_query_block) &&
      query_block->subquery_strategy(current_thd) ==
          Subquery_strategy::CANDIDATE_FOR_IN2EXISTS_OR_MAT;

  int row_width = 0;
  for (const Item *qb_item : query_block->fields) {
    row_width += std::min<size_t>(qb_item->max_length, kMaxItemLengthEstimate);
  }
  return ContainedSubquery(
      {path,
       materializable ? ContainedSubquery::Strategy::kMaterializable
                      : ContainedSubquery::Strategy::kNonMaterializable,
       row_width});
}

bool is_quantified_comp_predicate(Item *item) {
  if (item->type() != Item::SUBQUERY_ITEM) {
    return false;
  }
  switch (down_cast<Item_subselect *>(item)->subquery_type()) {
    case Item_subselect::IN_SUBQUERY:
    case Item_subselect::ALL_SUBQUERY:
    case Item_subselect::ANY_SUBQUERY:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

/**
  Tells an Item that it is in the condition of a JOIN_TAB of a query block.

  @param arg  A std::pair: first argument is the query block, second is the
  index of JOIN_TAB in JOIN's array.

  The Item records this fact and can deduce from it the estimated number of
  times that it will be evaluated.
  If the JOIN_TAB doesn't belong to the query block owning this
  Item_subselect, it must belong to a more inner query block (not a more
  outer, as the walk() doesn't dive into subqueries); in that case, it must be
  that Item_subselect is the left-hand-side of a subquery transformed with
  IN-to-EXISTS and has been wrapped in Item_cache and then injected into the
  WHERE/HAVING of that subquery; but then the Item_subselect will not be
  evaluated when the JOIN_TAB's condition is evaluated (Item_cache will
  short-circuit it); it will be evaluated when the IN(subquery)
  (Item_in_optimizer) is - that's when the Item_cache is updated. Thus, we
  will ignore JOIN_TAB in this case.
*/
bool Item_subselect::inform_item_in_cond_of_tab(uchar *arg) {
  std::pair<Query_block *, int> *pair_object =
      pointer_cast<std::pair<Query_block *, int> *>(arg);
  if (pair_object->first == query_expr()->outer_query_block())
    in_cond_of_tab = pair_object->second;
  return false;
}

/**
  Mark the subquery as optimized away, for EXPLAIN.
*/

bool Item_subselect::subq_opt_away_processor(uchar *) {
  query_expr()->set_explain_marker(current_thd, CTX_OPTIMIZED_AWAY_SUBQUERY);
  // Return false to continue marking all subqueries in the expression.
  return false;
}

/**
   Clean up after removing the subquery from the item tree.

   Call Query_expression::exclude_tree() to unlink it from its
   master and to unlink direct Query_block children from
   all_query_blocks_list.

   Don't unlink subqueries that are not descendants of the starting
   point (root) of the removal and cleanup.
 */
bool Item_subselect::clean_up_after_removal(uchar *arg) {
  Cleanup_after_removal_context *const ctx =
      pointer_cast<Cleanup_after_removal_context *>(arg);

  // Check whether this item should be removed
  if (ctx->is_stopped(this)) return false;

  if (reference_count() > 1) {
    (void)decrement_ref_count();
    ctx->stop_at(this);
    return false;
  }

  // Remove item on upward traversal, not downward:
  if (marker == MARKER_NONE) {
    marker = MARKER_TRAVERSAL;
    return false;
  }
  assert(marker == MARKER_TRAVERSAL);
  marker = MARKER_NONE;

  // There may be loops in the AST so make sure a part is not removed twice:
  if (query_expr()->outer_query_block() == nullptr) return false;

  // Notify flatten_subqueries() that subquery has been removed.
  notify_removal();

  // Remove the underlying query expression
  query_expr()->exclude_tree();

  return false;
}

bool Item_subselect::collect_subqueries(uchar *arg) {
  Collect_subq_info *info = pointer_cast<Collect_subq_info *>(arg);
  if (query_expr()->outer_query_block() == info->m_query_block)
    info->list.push_back(this);
  return false;
}

Item *Item_allany_subselect::truth_transformer(THD *, enum Bool_test test) {
  switch (test) {
    case BOOL_NEGATED:
    case BOOL_IS_TRUE:
    case BOOL_IS_FALSE:
    case BOOL_NOT_TRUE:
    case BOOL_NOT_FALSE:
      break;
    default:
      assert(false);
  }

  if (test != BOOL_NEGATED) return nullptr;

  // Invert the quantified comparison operator:
  m_all_subquery = !m_all_subquery;
  m_inverted = !m_inverted;
  m_compare_func = m_func_creator(m_inverted);

  return this;
}

bool Item_allany_subselect::transformer(THD *thd, Item **transformed) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  Item_func_not_all *outer = m_all_subquery ? new Item_func_not_all(this)
                                            : new Item_func_nop_all(this);
  if (outer == nullptr) return true;

  m_upper_item = outer;
  /*
    The "ignore unknown" property is placed on the quantified comparison
    predicate and is tested here. However, we ensure that the wrapper
    object has the same property so that we see the same consistent image
    when walking an Item tree from the root.
  */
  if (ignore_unknown()) outer->apply_is_true();

  if (outer->fix_fields(thd, nullptr)) return true;

  outer->show = true;

  if (quantified_comp_transformer(thd, m_compare_func, outer->arguments())) {
    return true;
  }
  if (!outer->arguments()[0]->fixed &&
      outer->arguments()[0]->fix_fields(thd, outer->arguments())) {
    return true;
  }
  *transformed = outer;

  return false;
}

bool Item_allany_subselect::eqne_op() const {
  return m_compare_func->eqne_op();
}

bool Item_subselect::is_evaluated() const {
  return query_expr()->is_executed();
}

void Item_allany_subselect::print(const THD *thd, String *str,
                                  enum_query_type query_type) const {
  if (strategy == Subquery_strategy::CANDIDATE_FOR_IN2EXISTS_OR_MAT ||
      strategy == Subquery_strategy::SUBQ_EXISTS)
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("<exists>"));
  else {
    left_expr->print(thd, str, query_type);
    str->append(' ');
    str->append(m_compare_func->symbol(false));
    str->append(m_all_subquery ? " all " : " any ", 5);
  }
  Item_subselect::print(thd, str, query_type);
}

bool Item_singlerow_subselect::collect_scalar_subqueries(uchar *arg) {
  auto *info = pointer_cast<Collect_scalar_subquery_info *>(arg);
  Item *i = query_expr()->first_query_block()->single_visible_field();

  // Skip transformations for row subqueries:
  if (i == nullptr) return false;

  if (!info->m_collect_unconditionally) {
    // Skip transformation if column contains a non-deterministic function [2]
    // Also exclude scalar subqueries with references to outer query blocks [1]
    // and Item_maxmin_subselect (ALL/ANY -> MAX/MIN transform artifact) [3]
    // Merely correlation to the current query block are ok
    if (info->is_stopped(this) || is_outer_reference() ||  // [1]
        is_non_deterministic() ||                          // [2]
        is_maxmin()) {                                     // [3]
      return false;
    }
  }

  /*
    Check if it has been already added. Can happen after other
    transformations, eg. IN -> EXISTS and when aggregates are repeated in
    HAVING clause:
      SELECT SUM(a), (SELECT SUM(b) FROM t3) AS scalar
      FROM t1 HAVING SUM(a) > scalar
   */
  for (auto &e : info->m_list) {
    if (e.item == this) {
      e.m_locations |= info->m_location;
      return false;
    }
  }
  const table_map correlated_map = used_tables() & ~PSEUDO_TABLE_BITS;
  info->m_list.emplace_back(Css_info{
      info->m_location, this, correlated_map, info->m_join_condition_context,
      /*
        Compute if we can skip run-time cardinality check:
        [1]   implicitly grouped queries for now, OR
        [1.1] was implicitly grouped in a transformation on a deeper level, AND
        [2]   no set operations are present (union)
      */
      ((i->has_aggregation() &&
        query_expr()->first_query_block()->is_implicitly_grouped()) ||    // 1
       (query_expr()->first_query_block()->m_was_implicitly_grouped)) &&  // 1.1
          !query_expr()->is_set_operation(),                              // 2
      false});
  return false;
}

/**
  Find the scalar subquery in Query_block::fields if directly present,
  i.e., not inside an expression.

  @param select The query block owning the transformation.
  @param subquery The scalar subquery to look for.
  @return the corresponding ref in Query_block::base_ref_items, or nullptr if
    not found.
*/
static Item **find_subquery_in_select_list(Query_block *select,
                                           Item_singlerow_subselect *subquery) {
  int item_idx = 0;
  for (Item *item : select->visible_fields()) {
    // All comparisons are done after unwrapping rollup group item.
    // base_ref_items might be without rollup wrappers while the fields
    // might be.
    item = unwrap_rollup_group(item);
    if (item == subquery) {
      assert(select->base_ref_items[item_idx] == item);
      return &select->base_ref_items[item_idx];
    }
    ++item_idx;
  }
  return nullptr;
}

Item *Item_singlerow_subselect::replace_scalar_subquery(uchar *arg) {
  auto *const info = pointer_cast<Scalar_subquery_replacement *>(arg);
  if (info->m_target != this) return this;
  MEM_ROOT *const mem_root = current_thd->mem_root;

  auto *const scalar_item = new (mem_root) Item_field(info->m_field);
  if (scalar_item == nullptr) return nullptr;

  Item **ref = find_subquery_in_select_list(info->m_outer_query_block, this);

  if (ref == nullptr) {
    // This scalar subquery is not used directly in the select list, so we need
    // to add it as a hidden field. (If it _is_ used directly in the list,
    // we cannot add it; not only due to efficiency, but it would also cause
    // a conflict in the value of item->hidden.)
    ref = info->m_outer_query_block->add_hidden_item(scalar_item);
  }
  Item *result;
  if (place() == CTX_HAVING) {
    result = new (mem_root)
        Item_ref(&info->m_outer_query_block->context, ref, scalar_item->db_name,
                 scalar_item->table_name, scalar_item->field_name);
    if (result == nullptr) return nullptr;
  } else {
    result = scalar_item;
  }

  if (info->m_add_coalesce) {
    //
    // COALESCE(query_result, 0)
    //
    Item *zero_or_if = new (mem_root) Item_int_0();
    if (zero_or_if == nullptr) return nullptr;
    if (info->m_add_having_compensation) {
      //
      // COALESCE(query_result, IF(derived.having-expr IS NOT NULL, 0, NULL))
      //
      Field *field_in_derived = info->m_derived->field[info->m_having_idx];
      auto *having_i = new (mem_root) Item_field(field_in_derived);
      if (having_i == nullptr) return nullptr;
      auto *inn = new (mem_root) Item_func_isnotnull(having_i);
      if (inn == nullptr) return nullptr;
      auto *null_i = new (mem_root) Item_null();
      if (null_i == nullptr) return nullptr;
      Item_func_if *ifi = new (mem_root) Item_func_if(inn, zero_or_if, null_i);
      if (ifi == nullptr) return nullptr;
      zero_or_if = ifi;
    }
    Item *coa = new (mem_root) Item_func_coalesce(result, zero_or_if);
    if (coa == nullptr) return nullptr;
    if (coa->fix_fields(current_thd, &coa)) return nullptr;
    coa->hidden = result->hidden;
    result = coa;
  }
  return result;
}

std::optional<ContainedSubquery>
Item_singlerow_subselect::get_contained_subquery(
    const Query_block *outer_query_block [[maybe_unused]]) {
  if (query_expr()->root_access_path() == nullptr) {
    // In rare situations involving IN subqueries on the left side of
    // other IN subqueries, the query block may not be part of the
    // parent query block's list of inner query blocks. If so, it has
    // not been optimized here. Since this is a rare case, we'll just
    // skip it and assign it zero cost.
    return std::nullopt;
  }

  const ContainedSubquery::Strategy strategy =
      query_expr()->first_query_block()->is_cacheable()
          ? ContainedSubquery::Strategy::kIndependentSingleRow
          : ContainedSubquery::Strategy::kNonMaterializable;

  int row_width = 0;
  for (const Item *qb_item : query_expr()->first_query_block()->fields) {
    row_width += std::min<size_t>(qb_item->max_length, kMaxItemLengthEstimate);
  }

  return ContainedSubquery(
      {query_expr()->root_access_path(), strategy, row_width});
}

bool Query_expression::replace_items(Item_transformer t, uchar *arg) {
  auto replace_and_update = [t, arg](Item *expr, Item **ref) {
    Item *new_expr = expr->transform(t, arg);
    if (new_expr == nullptr) return true;
    if (new_expr != expr) {
      assert(!current_thd->lex->is_exec_started());
      // We are in prepare phase, no need for change_item_tree
      *ref = new_expr;
    }
    new_expr->update_used_tables();
    return false;
  };

  auto *const info = pointer_cast<Item::Item_replacement *>(arg);
  auto *const old_current = info->m_curr_block;
  for (Query_block *qb = first_query_block(); qb != nullptr;
       qb = qb->next_query_block()) {
    for (Query_expression *u = qb->first_inner_query_expression(); u != nullptr;
         u = u->next_query_expression()) {
      if (u->replace_items(t, arg)) return true;
    }

    info->m_curr_block = qb;

    for (auto it = qb->fields.begin(); it != qb->fields.end(); ++it) {
      Item *expr = *it;
      if (replace_and_update(expr, &expr)) return true;
      *it = expr;
    }
    if (qb->where_cond() != nullptr &&
        replace_and_update(qb->where_cond(), qb->where_cond_ref()))
      return true;

    for (ORDER *ord = qb->group_list.first; ord != nullptr; ord = ord->next) {
      if (replace_and_update(*ord->item, ord->item)) return true;
    }
    if (qb->having_cond() != nullptr &&
        replace_and_update(qb->having_cond(), qb->having_cond_ref()))
      return true;

    for (ORDER *ord = qb->order_list.first; ord != nullptr; ord = ord->next) {
      if (replace_and_update(*ord->item, ord->item)) return true;
    }
    List_iterator<Window> wit(qb->m_windows);
    Window *w;
    while ((w = wit++)) {
      for (auto itr : {w->first_order_by(), w->first_partition_by()}) {
        if (itr != nullptr) {
          for (ORDER *ord = itr; ord != nullptr; ord = ord->next) {
            if (replace_and_update(*ord->item, ord->item)) return true;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    for (Table_ref *tr = slave->m_table_list.first; tr != nullptr;
         tr = tr->next_local) {
      if (tr->join_cond() != nullptr)
        if (replace_and_update(tr->join_cond(), tr->join_cond_ref()))
          return true;
    }
  }
  info->m_curr_block = old_current;

  return false;
}

/**
  Transform processor. Dives into a subquery's expressions.
  See Item[_field]::replace_item_field for more details.
*/
Item *Item_subselect::replace_item_field(uchar *arg) {
  if (query_expr()->replace_items(&Item::replace_item_field, arg))
    return nullptr;
  return this;
}

/**
  Transform processor. Dives into a subquery's expressions.
  See Item[_field]::replace_item_view_ref for more details.
*/
Item *Item_subselect::replace_item_view_ref(uchar *arg) {
  if (query_expr()->replace_items(&Item::replace_item_view_ref, arg))
    return nullptr;
  return this;
}

/**
  Makes storage for the output values for a scalar or row subquery and
  calculates their data and column types and their nullability.

  @param item_list       list of items in the select list of the subquery
  @param row             cache objects to hold the result row of the subquery
  @param possibly_empty  true if the subquery could return empty result

  @returns false if success, true if error
*/
bool Item_singlerow_subselect::create_row(
    const mem_root_deque<Item *> &item_list, Item_cache **row,
    bool possibly_empty) {
  /*
    Empty scalar or row subqueries evaluate to NULL, so if it is
    possibly empty, it is also possibly NULL.
  */
  set_nullable(possibly_empty);

  uint i = 0;
  Item *single_expr = nullptr;
  for (Item *sel_item : VisibleFields(item_list)) {
    if (sel_item->is_nullable()) set_nullable(true);
    row[i] = Item_cache::get_cache(sel_item);
    if (row[i] == nullptr) return true;
    row[i]->setup(sel_item);
    row[i]->store(sel_item);
    row[i]->set_nullable(possibly_empty || sel_item->is_nullable());
    single_expr = sel_item;
    ++i;
  }
  if (i == 1) {
    // Inherit type from first item in select list
    set_data_type_from_item(single_expr);
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Run a query to see if it returns at least one row (stops after the first
  has been found, or on error). Unless there was an error, whether the row
  was found in "found".

  @retval true on error
 */
bool ExecuteExistsQuery(THD *thd, Query_expression *qe, RowIterator *iterator,
                        bool *found) {
  Query_block *saved_query_block = thd->lex->current_query_block();
  auto restore_query_block = create_scope_guard([thd, saved_query_block]() {
    thd->lex->set_current_query_block(saved_query_block);
  });

  // Collect information about the chosen plan for the subquery on the first
  // execution.
  if (!qe->is_executed()) {
    const JOIN *const join = qe->first_query_block()->join;
    CollectStatusVariables(thd, join, *join->root_access_path());
  }

  Opt_trace_context *const trace = &thd->opt_trace;
  const Opt_trace_object trace_wrapper(trace);
  Opt_trace_object trace_exec(trace, "join_execution");
  if (qe->is_simple()) {
    trace_exec.add_select_number(qe->first_query_block()->select_number);
  }
  const Opt_trace_array trace_steps(trace, "steps");

  if (qe->ClearForExecution()) {
    return true;
  }

  qe->set_executed();
  thd->get_stmt_da()->reset_current_row_for_condition();
  if (iterator->Init()) {
    return true;
  }

  // See if we can get at least one row.
  const int error = iterator->Read();
  if (error == 1 || thd->is_error()) {
    return true;
  }

  *found = (error == 0);
  return false;
}

/*
  Index-lookup subselect 'engine' - run the subquery

  DESCRIPTION
    The engine is used to resolve subqueries in form

      oe IN (SELECT key FROM tbl WHERE subq_where)

    by asking the iterator for the inner query for a single row, and then
    immediately stopping. The iterator would usually do a simple ref lookup,
    but could in theory be anything.
*/

bool subselect_indexsubquery_engine::exec(THD *thd) {
  Query_expression *qe = item->query_expr();
  bool found;
  if (ExecuteExistsQuery(thd, qe, qe->root_iterator(), &found)) {
    return true;
  }
  item->m_value = found;
  item->set_value_assigned();
  return false;
}

uint Item_singlerow_subselect::cols() const {
  assert(query_expr()->is_prepared());  // should be called after fix_fields()
  return query_expr()->num_visible_fields();
}

bool Item_subselect::is_uncacheable() const {
  return query_expr()->uncacheable;
}

void subselect_indexsubquery_engine::print(const THD *thd, String *str,
                                           enum_query_type query_type) {
  const bool unique = type == JT_EQ_REF;
  const bool check_null = type == JT_REF_OR_NULL;

  if (unique)
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("<primary_index_lookup>("));
  else
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("<index_lookup>("));
  ref.items[0]->print(thd, str, query_type);
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" in "));
  if (table_ref && table_ref->uses_materialization()) {
    /*
      For materialized derived tables/views use table/view alias instead of
      temporary table name, as it changes on each run and not acceptable for
      EXPLAIN EXTENDED.
    */
    str->append(table->alias, strlen(table->alias));
  } else if (table->s->table_category == TABLE_CATEGORY_TEMPORARY) {
    // Could be from subselect_hash_sj_engine.
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("<temporary table>"));
  } else
    str->append(table->s->table_name.str, table->s->table_name.length);
  KEY *key_info = table->key_info + ref.key;
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" on "));
  str->append(key_info->name);
  if (check_null) str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" checking NULL"));
  if (m_cond != nullptr) {
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" where "));
    m_cond->print(thd, str, query_type);
  }
  if (m_having != nullptr) {
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" having "));
    m_having->print(thd, str, query_type);
  }
  str->append(')');
}

/******************************************************************************
  WL#1110 - Implementation of class subselect_hash_sj_engine
******************************************************************************/

/**
  Create all structures needed for subquery execution using hash semijoin.

  @details
  - Create a temporary table to store the result of the IN subquery. The
    temporary table has one hash index on all its columns. If single-column,
    the index allows at most one NULL row.
  - Create a new result sink that sends the result stream of the subquery to
    the temporary table,
  - Create and initialize Index_lookup objects to perform lookups into
    the indexed temporary table.

  @param thd          thread handle
  @param tmp_columns  columns of temporary table

  @note
    Currently Item_subselect::init() already chooses and creates at parse
    time an engine with a corresponding JOIN to execute the subquery.

  @returns false if success, true if error
*/

bool subselect_hash_sj_engine::setup(
    THD *thd, const mem_root_deque<Item *> &tmp_columns) {
  /* The result sink where we will materialize the subquery result. */
  Query_result_union *tmp_result_sink;
  /* The table into which the subquery is materialized. */
  TABLE *tmp_table;
  KEY *tmp_key;       /* The only index on the temporary table. */
  uint tmp_key_parts; /* Number of keyparts in tmp_key. */
  uint key_length;

  DBUG_TRACE;

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("hash_semijoin_fail_in_setup", {
    my_error(ER_UNKNOWN_ERROR, MYF(0));
    return true;
  });

  /* 1. Create/initialize materialization related objects. */

  /*
    Create and initialize a select result interceptor that stores the
    result stream in a temporary table. The temporary table itself is
    managed (created/filled/etc) internally by the interceptor.
  */
  if (!(tmp_result_sink = new (thd->mem_root) Query_result_union()))
    return true;
  if (tmp_result_sink->create_result_table(
          thd, tmp_columns,
          true,  // Eliminate duplicates
          thd->variables.option_bits | TMP_TABLE_ALL_COLUMNS,
          "<materialized_subquery>", true))
    return true;

  tmp_table = tmp_result_sink->table;
  tmp_key = tmp_table->key_info;
  if (tmp_table->hash_field) {
    tmp_key_parts = CountVisibleFields(tmp_columns);
    key_length = ALIGN_SIZE(tmp_table->s->reclength);
  } else {
    tmp_key_parts = tmp_key->user_defined_key_parts;
    key_length = ALIGN_SIZE(tmp_key->key_length) * 2;
  }

  result = tmp_result_sink;

  /*
    Make sure there is only one index on the temp table.
  */
  assert(CountVisibleFields(tmp_columns) == tmp_table->s->fields ||
         // Unique constraint is used and a hash field was added
         (tmp_table->hash_field &&
          CountVisibleFields(tmp_columns) == tmp_table->s->fields - 1));
  /* 2. Create/initialize execution related objects. */

  /*
    Create and initialize the Index_lookup used by the index lookup iterator
    into the materialized subquery result.
  */

  table = tmp_table;
  ref.key = 0; /* The only temp table index. */
  ref.key_length = tmp_key->key_length;
  type = (tmp_table->key_info[0].flags & HA_NOSAME) ? JT_EQ_REF : JT_REF;
  if (!(ref.key_buff = (uchar *)thd->mem_calloc(key_length)) ||
      !(ref.key_copy =
            (store_key **)thd->alloc((sizeof(store_key *) * tmp_key_parts))) ||
      !(ref.items = (Item **)thd->alloc(sizeof(Item *) * tmp_key_parts)))
    return true;

  if (tmp_table->hash_field) {
    ref.keypart_hash = &m_hash;
  }

  uchar *cur_ref_buff = ref.key_buff;

  /*
    Create an artificial condition to post-filter those rows matched by index
    lookups that cannot be distinguished by the index lookup procedure, for
    example:
    - because of truncation (if the outer column type's length is bigger than
    the inner column type's, index lookup will use a truncated outer
    value as search key, yielding false positives).
    - because the index is over hash_field and thus not unique.

    Prepared statements execution requires that fix_fields is called
    for every execution. In order to call fix_fields we need to create a
    Name_resolution_context and a corresponding Table_ref for the
    temporary table for the subquery, so that all column references to the
    materialized subquery table can be resolved correctly.
  */
  assert(m_cond == nullptr);
  m_cond = new Item_cond_and;
  if (m_cond == nullptr) return true;
  /*
    Table reference for tmp_table that is used to resolve column references
    (Item_fields) to columns in tmp_table.
  */
  Table_ref *tmp_table_ref =
      new (thd->mem_root) Table_ref(tmp_table, "<materialized_subquery>");
  if (tmp_table_ref == nullptr) return true;

  // Assign Table_ref pointer temporarily, while creatung fields:
  tmp_table->pos_in_table_list = tmp_table_ref;
  tmp_table_ref->query_block = m_query_expr->first_query_block();

  KEY_PART_INFO *key_parts = tmp_key->key_part;
  for (uint part_no = 0; part_no < tmp_key_parts; part_no++) {
    /* New equi-join condition for the current column. */
    Item_func_eq *eq_cond;
    /* Item for the corresponding field from the materialized temp table. */
    Item_field *right_col_item;
    Field *field = tmp_table->visible_field_ptr()[part_no];
    const bool nullable = field->is_nullable();
    ref.items[part_no] = item->left_expr->element_index(part_no);

    if (!(right_col_item = new Item_field(
              thd, &tmp_table_ref->query_block->context, field)) ||
        !(eq_cond = new Item_func_eq(ref.items[part_no], right_col_item)) ||
        down_cast<Item_cond_and *>(m_cond)->add(eq_cond)) {
      delete m_cond;
      m_cond = nullptr;
      return true;
    }

    if (tmp_table->hash_field) {
      ref.key_copy[part_no] = new (thd->mem_root) store_key_hash_item(
          thd, field, cur_ref_buff, nullptr, field->pack_length(),
          ref.items[part_no], &m_hash);
    } else {
      ref.key_copy[part_no] = new (thd->mem_root) store_key(
          thd, field,
          /* TODO:
             the NULL byte is taken into account in
             key_parts[part_no].store_length, so instead of
             cur_ref_buff + test(maybe_null), we could
             use that information instead.
           */
          cur_ref_buff + (nullable ? 1 : 0), nullable ? cur_ref_buff : nullptr,
          key_parts[part_no].length, ref.items[part_no]);
    }
    if (nullable &&  // nullable column in tmp table,
                     // and UNKNOWN should not be interpreted as FALSE
        item->process_nulls()) {
      // It must be the single column, or we wouldn't be here
      assert(tmp_key_parts == 1);
      // Be ready to search for NULL into inner column:
      ref.null_ref_key = cur_ref_buff;
      mat_table_has_nulls = NEX_UNKNOWN;
    } else {
      ref.null_ref_key = nullptr;
      mat_table_has_nulls = NEX_IRRELEVANT_OR_FALSE;
    }

    if (tmp_table->hash_field)
      cur_ref_buff += field->pack_length();
    else
      cur_ref_buff += key_parts[part_no].store_length;
  }
  tmp_table->pos_in_table_list = nullptr;
  ref.key_err = true;
  ref.key_parts = tmp_key_parts;
  table_ref = tmp_table_ref;

  if (m_cond->fix_fields(thd, &m_cond)) return true;

  assert(m_query_expr->is_prepared());

  return false;
}

void subselect_hash_sj_engine::create_iterators(THD *thd) {
  if (m_query_expr->root_access_path() == nullptr) {
    m_root_access_path =
        NewZeroRowsAccessPath(thd, "Not optimized, outer query is empty");
    m_iterator =
        CreateIteratorFromAccessPath(thd, m_root_access_path, /*join=*/nullptr,
                                     /*eligible_for_batch_mode=*/true);
    return;
  }

  // We're only ever reading one row from the iterator, and record[1] isn't
  // properly set up at this point, so we're not using EQRefIterator.
  // (As a microoptimization, we add a LIMIT 1 if there's a filter and the
  // index is unique, so that any filter added doesn't try to read a second row
  // if the condition fails -- there wouldn't be one anyway.)
  //
  // Also, note that we never need to worry about searching for NULLs
  // (which would require the AlternativeIterator); subqueries with
  // JT_REF_OR_NULL are always transformed with IN-to-EXISTS, and thus,
  // their artificial HAVING rejects NULL values.
  assert(type != JT_REF_OR_NULL);
  AccessPath *path = NewRefAccessPath(thd, table, &ref,
                                      /*use_order=*/false, /*reverse=*/false,
                                      /*count_examined_rows=*/false);

  if (type == JT_EQ_REF && (m_cond != nullptr || m_having != nullptr)) {
    path = NewLimitOffsetAccessPath(thd, path, /*limit=*/1, /*offset=*/0,
                                    /*count_all_rows=*/false,
                                    /* reject_multiple_rows=*/false,
                                    /*send_records_override=*/nullptr);
  }
  if (m_cond != nullptr) {
    path = NewFilterAccessPath(thd, path, m_cond);
  }
  if (m_having != nullptr) {
    path = NewFilterAccessPath(thd, path, m_having);
  }

  /*
    This impersonates the materialized table as a derived table. However, there
    are certain aspects of a derived table that are NOT set, such as
    effective_algorithm, so this assignment is incomplete.
    However, it works for the time being (partially because TABLE object's
    pos_in_table_list is nullptr).
  */
  table_ref->set_derived_query_expression(m_query_expr);
  if (table_ref->is_table_function()) {
    path = NewMaterializedTableFunctionAccessPath(
        thd, table, table_ref->table_function, path);
  } else {
    path = GetAccessPathForDerivedTable(
        thd, table_ref, table, /*rematerialize=*/false,
        /*invalidators=*/nullptr, /*need_rowid=*/false, path);
  }

  m_root_access_path = path;
  JOIN *join = m_query_expr->is_set_operation()
                   ? nullptr
                   : m_query_expr->first_query_block()->join;
  m_query_expr->finalize(thd);
  m_iterator = CreateIteratorFromAccessPath(thd, path, join,
                                            /*eligible_for_batch_mode=*/true);

  // The query expression is not supposed to be executed by itself now.
  m_query_expr->clear_root_access_path();
}

subselect_hash_sj_engine::~subselect_hash_sj_engine() {
  /* Assure that cleanup has been called for this engine. */
  assert(!table);

  if (result != nullptr) ::destroy_at(result);
}

/**
  Cleanup performed after each execution.
*/

void subselect_hash_sj_engine::cleanup() {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  is_materialized = false;
  if (result != nullptr) result->cleanup();  // Resets the temp table as well
  DEBUG_SYNC(current_thd, "before_index_end_in_subselect");
  m_root_access_path = nullptr;
  m_iterator.reset();
  if (table != nullptr) {
    if (table->file->inited)
      table->file->ha_index_end();  // Close the scan over the index
    close_tmp_table(table);
    free_tmp_table(table);
    // Note that tab->qep_cleanup() is not called
    table = nullptr;
  }
  if (m_query_expr->is_executed()) m_query_expr->reset_executed();
}

static int safe_index_read(TABLE *table, const Index_lookup &ref) {
  const int error = table->file->ha_index_read_map(
      table->record[0], ref.key_buff, make_prev_keypart_map(ref.key_parts),
      HA_READ_KEY_EXACT);
  if (error) return report_handler_error(table, error);
  return 0;
}

/**
  Execute a subquery IN predicate via materialization.

  If needed materialize the subquery into a temporary table, then
  compute the predicate via a lookup into this table.

  @returns false if success, true if error
*/

bool subselect_hash_sj_engine::exec(THD *thd) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  /*
    Optimize and materialize the subquery during the first execution of
    the subquery predicate.
  */
  if (!is_materialized) {
    thd->lex->set_current_query_block(m_query_expr->first_query_block());
    assert(m_query_expr->first_query_block()
               ->master_query_expression()
               ->is_optimized());

    // Init() triggers materialization.
    // (It also triggers some unneeded setup of the RefIterator, but it is
    // cheap.)
    bool error = m_iterator->Init();
    if (error || thd->is_fatal_error()) return true;

    /*
      TODO:
      - Unlock all subquery tables as we don't need them. To implement this
        we need to add new functionality to JOIN::join_free that can unlock
        all tables in a subquery (and all its subqueries).
      - The temp table used for grouping in the subquery can be freed
        immediately after materialization (yet it's done together with
        unlocking).
     */
    is_materialized = true;

    // See if we have zero rows or not.
    table->file->info(HA_STATUS_VARIABLE);
    if (table->file->ha_table_flags() & HA_STATS_RECORDS_IS_EXACT) {
      has_zero_rows = (table->file->stats.records == 0);
    } else {
      // Index must be closed before starting to scan.
      if (table->file->inited) table->file->ha_index_or_rnd_end();

      TableScanIterator scan(thd, table, /*expected_rows=*/-1.0,
                             /*examined_rows=*/nullptr);
      const int ret = scan.Read();
      if (ret == 1 || thd->is_error()) {
        return true;
      }
      has_zero_rows = (ret == -1);
    }
  }  // if (!is_materialized)

  if (has_zero_rows) {
    // The correct answer is FALSE.
    item->m_value = false;
    return false;
  }
  /*
    Here we could be brutal and set item->null_value. But we prefer to be
    well-behaved and rather set the properties which
    Item_in_subselect::val_bool() and Item_in_optimizer::val_int() expect,
    and then those functions will set null_value based on those properties.
  */
  if (item->left_expr->element_index(0)->null_value) {
    /*
      The first outer expression oe1 is NULL. It is the single outer
      expression because if there would be more ((oe1,oe2,...)IN(...)) then
      either they would be non-nullable (so we wouldn't be here) or the
      predicate would be top-level (so we wouldn't be here,
      Item_in_optimizer::val_int() would have short-cut). The correct answer
      is UNKNOWN. Do as if searching with all triggered conditions disabled:
      this would surely find a row. The caller will translate this to UNKNOWN.
    */
    assert(item->left_expr->element_index(0)->is_nullable());
    assert(item->left_expr->cols() == 1);
    item->m_value = true;
    return false;
  }

  m_hash = 0;
  bool found;
  if (ExecuteExistsQuery(thd, item->query_expr(), m_iterator.get(), &found)) {
    return true;
  }
  item->m_value = found;
  item->set_value_assigned();

  if (!found &&  // no exact match
      mat_table_has_nulls != NEX_IRRELEVANT_OR_FALSE) {
    /*
      There is only one outer expression. It's not NULL. exec() above has set
      the answer to FALSE, but if there exists an inner NULL in the temporary
      table, then the correct answer is UNKNOWN, so let's find out.
    */
    if (mat_table_has_nulls == NEX_UNKNOWN)  // We do not know yet
    {
      // Search for NULL inside tmp table, and remember the outcome.
      *ref.null_ref_key = 1;
      if (!table->file->inited &&
          table->file->ha_index_init(ref.key, false /* sorted */))
        return true;
      if (safe_index_read(table, ref) == 1) return true;
      *ref.null_ref_key = 0;  // prepare for next searches of non-NULL
      mat_table_has_nulls =
          table->has_row() ? NEX_TRUE : NEX_IRRELEVANT_OR_FALSE;
    }
    if (mat_table_has_nulls == NEX_TRUE) {
      /*
        There exists an inner NULL. The correct answer is UNKNOWN.
        Do as if searching with all triggered conditions enabled; that
        would not find any match, but Item_is_not_null_test would notice a
        NULL:
      */
      item->m_value = false;
      item->m_was_null = true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Print the state of this engine into a string for debugging and views.
*/

void subselect_hash_sj_engine::print(const THD *thd, String *str,
                                     enum_query_type query_type) {
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" <materialize> ("));
  m_query_expr->print(thd, str, query_type);
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" ), "));
  if (table)
    subselect_indexsubquery_engine::print(thd, str, query_type);
  else
    str->append(
        STRING_WITH_LEN("<the access method for lookups is not yet created>"));
}